Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 49.2, Problem 1C
Summary Introduction
To draw: Diagrams to contrast neuroendocrine signaling with classical endocrine signaling.
Introduction: The endocrine system is the chemical signaling system that uses blood vessels as information channels. The endocrine glands are ductless organs located within the organ systems and contain groups of endocrine cells that secrete their hormones directly into their surroundings. The endocrine signaling is of four types, namely classical signaling, neuroendocrine signaling, autocrine signaling, and paracrine signaling.
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Practice question 1B)
Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased
incidence of several types of cancer. Individuals with the se cancers may be treated with one of the
following chemotherapeutic drugs. Complete the table below about their me chanisms of action.
In which cellular
Which process
is targeted first compartment/structure/organelle
by this drug?
Drug
Drug's mechanism of action
does this proce ss occur?
(replica tion,
mitosis,
transcription,
translation, or
If more than 1 location, be sure to
specify ALL relevant locations.
none of the
above)?
A
Inhibits microtubule assembly
Create inter- or intra-strand crosslinking
in DNA preventing strand separation
Inhibits synthesis of non-essential
amino acids
Drug
CH3
HN
HN
PPPO O
N.
PPPO O
OH
OH
5-deoxythymydine
triphosphate (DTTP)
5-deoxyuridine
triphosphate (DUTP)
Chapter 49 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 49.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 49.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 49.1 - Identify four main chemical groups to which...Ch. 49.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 49.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 49.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 49.1 - Prob. 4CCh. 49.2 - Compare four types of endocrine signaling.Ch. 49.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 49.2 - Prob. 2C
Ch. 49.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 49.3 - Compare the mechanism of action of small,...Ch. 49.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 49.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 49.3 - What is the mechanism of action of a hormone that...Ch. 49.4 - Prob. 6LOCh. 49.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 49.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 49.5 - Identify the classical vertebrate endocrine glands...Ch. 49.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 49.5 - Describe the actions of the thyroid and...Ch. 49.5 - Contrast the actions of insulin and glucagon, and...Ch. 49.5 - Describe the actions and regulation of the adrenal...Ch. 49.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 49.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 49.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 49.5 - Prob. 4CCh. 49.5 - Prob. 5CCh. 49 - A cell secretes a product that diffuses through...Ch. 49 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 49 - Prob. 14TYU
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- Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action of g protein coupled land possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway.arrow_forward1a) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action G protein-coupled receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can for a novel pathway.arrow_forwardTrace the signaling pathway in a liver cell using the information below: When the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated, effects on the liver include an increase in the breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use by muscle cells and other tissues. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are two neurotransmitters of the SNS that bind with alpha-1 adrenergic receptors present on the surface of liver cells (hepatocytes). T Protein activates the 2nd messengers Phosholipase C, which in turn produces IP3 and DAG (describe how PLC does this). The cellular response is an increase in permeability of the cell to calcium ions (Ca2") (make sure to include which of the second messengers cause this response). This causes an increase in Ca2+ binding to calmodulin. Calmodulin then causes the phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphory lase kinase. This causes an increase of activity for the enzyme glycogen phosphory lase, breaking down glycogen stores. Protein kinase C (PKC) is also activated…arrow_forward
- Explain three ways in which gradual increase in an extracellular signal can be sharpened by the target cell to produce an abrupt or nearly all-or-none response.arrow_forwardE: Using either GPCRs (G-protein couples receptors) or RTKs (Receptor tyrosine kinases), describe: 1. How ligand binding activates the receptor. Ex: which proteins are involved? what changes can occur to the receptor after binding the ligand? 2. A signal transduction pathway that occurs due to the ligand binding (must include a secondary messenger). 3. Any cellular response due to the ligand binding. 4. A way that the signal pathway is regulated.arrow_forwardHormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRH) and within the cell (içRH). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone H. H H extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surface receptor for H (csR») icR GDP RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival H icR G, phase (resting) Raf HK GSK-3P MEK M G2 icR - hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE CDK1 Cyclin A nucleus cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bio Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRH). The activated CSRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3ß promotes cell survival. inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression.…arrow_forward
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