Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4, Problem 20P
Sister chromatids are held together through metaphase of mitosis by complexes of cohesin proteins that form rubber band–like rings bundling the two sister chromatids. Cohesin rings are found both at centromeres and at many locations scattered along the length of the chromosomes. The rings are destroyed by protease enzymes at the beginning of mitotic anaphase, allowing the sister chromatids to separate.
| a. | Cohesin complexes between sister chromatids are also responsible for keeping homologous chromosomes together until anaphase of meiosis I. With this point in mind, which of the two diagrams that follow (i or ii) properly represents the arrangement of chromatids during prophase through metaphase of meiosis I? Explain. |
| b. | What does your answer to part (a) allow you to infer about the nature of cohesin complexes at the centromere versus those along the chromosome arms? Suggest a molecular hypothesis to explain your inference. |
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consider a diploid cell that contains three pairs of chromosomes designated AA, BB, and CC. Each pair contains a maternal and a paternal member (e.g., Am and Ap, etc.). Using these designations, demonstrate your understanding of mitosis and meiosis by drawing chromatid combinations as requested. Be sure to indicate when chromatids are paired as a result of replication and/or synapsis. You may wish to use a large piece of brown manila wrapping paper or a large cut-up paper bag and work with another student as you deal with these problems. Such cooperative learning may be a useful approach as you solve problems throughout the text.
Draw all possible combinations of chromatids during anaphase II in meiosis.
illustrate and briefly describe the alignment, pairing, and disjunction ofsister chromatids during mitosis. Include the molecular complexes cohesin and shugoshin and the enzyme separase.
For below problem, consider a diploid cell that contains three pairs of chromosomes designated AA, BB, and CC. Each pair contains a maternal and a paternal member (e.g., Am and Ap). Using these designations, demonstrate your understanding of mitosis and meiosis by drawing chromatid combinations as requested. Be sure to indicate when chromatids are paired as a result of replication and/or synapsis. You may wish to use a large piece of brown manila wrapping paper or a cut-up paper grocery bag for this project and to work in partnership with another student. We recommend cooperative learning as an efficacious way to develop the skills you will need for solving the problems presented throughout this text.
Question: Assume that each gamete resulting from Problem 29 fuses, in fertilization, with a normal haploid gamete. What combinations will result? What percentage of zygotes will be diploid, containing one paternal and one maternal member of each chromosome pair?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 4 - Choose the best matching phrase in the right...Ch. 4 - Humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell....Ch. 4 - The figure that follows shows the metaphase...Ch. 4 - Human XX males who are sex-reversed because they...Ch. 4 - Researchers discovered recently that the sole...Ch. 4 - One oak tree cell with 14 chromosomes undergoes...Ch. 4 - Indicate which of the cells numbered iv matches...Ch. 4 - a. What are the four major stages of the cell...Ch. 4 - Answer the questions that follow for each stage of...Ch. 4 - Can you think of anything that would prevent...
Ch. 4 - One oak tree cell with 14 chromosomes undergoes...Ch. 4 - Which types of cell division mitosis, meiosis I,...Ch. 4 - Complete the following statements using as many of...Ch. 4 - The five cells shown in figure a e are all from...Ch. 4 - One of the first microscopic observations of...Ch. 4 - A person is simultaneously heterozygous for two...Ch. 4 - Assuming i that the two chromosomes in every...Ch. 4 - In the moss Polytrichum commune, the haploid...Ch. 4 - Can you think of anything that would prevent...Ch. 4 - Sister chromatids are held together through...Ch. 4 - The pseudoautosomal regions PARs of the X and Y...Ch. 4 - Remarkably, the platypus has 10 sex chromosomes,...Ch. 4 - Somatic cells of chimpanzees contain 48...Ch. 4 - In humans: a. How many sperm develop from 100...Ch. 4 - Women sometimes develop benign tumors called...Ch. 4 - In a certain strain of turkeys, unfertilized eggs...Ch. 4 - Imagine you have two pure-breeding lines of...Ch. 4 - A system of sex determination known as...Ch. 4 - In Drosophila, the autosomal recessive brown eye...Ch. 4 - Barred feather pattern is a Z-linked dominant...Ch. 4 - When Calvin Bridges observed a large number of...Ch. 4 - In a vial of Drosophila, a research student...Ch. 4 - In 1919, Calvin Bridges began studying an X-linked...Ch. 4 - In Drosophila, a cross was made between a...Ch. 4 - As we learned in this chapter, the white mutation...Ch. 4 - The following is a pedigree of a family in which a...Ch. 4 - Each of the four pedigrees that follow represents...Ch. 4 - The pedigree that follows indicates the occurrence...Ch. 4 - Duchenne muscular dystrophy DMD is caused by a...Ch. 4 - The X-linked gene responsible for DMD encodes a...Ch. 4 - Males have hemophilia when they are hemizygous for...Ch. 4 - In the Fast Forward Box Visualizing X Chromosome...Ch. 4 - Consider the following pedigrees from human...Ch. 4 - Several different antigens can be detected in...Ch. 4 - The ancestry of a white female tiger bred in a...Ch. 4 - The pedigree that follows shows the inheritance of...Ch. 4 - In 1995, doctors reported a Chinese family in...Ch. 4 - In cats, the dominant O allele of the X-linked...Ch. 4 - In marsupials like the opposum or kangaroo, X...Ch. 4 - The pedigree diagram below shows a family in which...
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- Draw and label G1 and G2 stages of interphase and each stage of mitosis (in order) for a cell that has two large and two small chromosomes, 2n=4. For unreplicated chromosome draw a line ( / ) and for replicated chromosome draw an X. Since we are focusing on the DNA, you can skip drawing the nuclear membrane or spindle fibers. For simplicity, do not indicate that the chromosomes are decondensed chromatin during interphase. Mark and label a place on one of the large chromosomes with the dominant allele of the “A” gene and put the recessive allele “a” on the other homolog. Mark and label a place on one of the small chromosomes with allele “B” and put the recessive allele “b” on the other homolog.arrow_forwardBelow is another image of dividing onion root cells undergoing mitosis. In what phase of mitosis is cell B (outlined in black box)? How do you know? (1pt)arrow_forwardConsider the figure below showing a single cell in metaphase of mitosis. This phase is characterized by the organized alignment of the chromosomes on the metaphase plate. Discuss the importance of having the chromosomes organized in this way for the subsequent phases of mitosis.arrow_forward
- The phases of mitosis are shown in Figure 6.4. Mitosis is the type of nuclear division that occurs when an animal or plant grows larger and when injury heals. Two daughter cells result because there is only one round of division, and it keeps the chromosome number constant (same as the parent cell). The prophase cell in Figure 6.4 has the same number of chromosomes as the telophase nuclei in Figure 6.4. Explain the different appearance of the chromosomes.arrow_forwardConsider a diploid cell that contains three pairs of chromosomes designated AA, BB, CC. each pair contains a maternal and a paternal member (eg. Am and AP, etc). Using these designations, answer the ff. questions: (You can draw your answers but label chromosomes) a. In mitosis, what chromatid combinations will be present during metaphase? What combinations will be present at each pole at the completion of anaphase? b. During meiosis I, draw all possible alignments of chromatids at metaphase. C. Assume that during meiosis I, nondisjunction of the C chromosomes occur. What types of gametes will they form and what is the chromosome number of the resultant gametes?arrow_forwardAre the other phases of mitosis equal (or close)? Suggest a reason for any differences in the timing of mitosis phases.arrow_forward
- For an organism with 3 pairs of chromosomes (6 total chromosomes, 2n = 6), draw chromosome diagrams for the following phases of the mitotic cell cycle: G1 of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase. Be sure to draw the correct number of chromosomes and the correct number of chromatids per chromosome. Use a different color to represent each chromosome type (for example, use blue to indicate all copies of chromosome 1, red for all copies of chromosome 2, & green for all copies of chromosome 3).arrow_forwardThe diploid number of chromosomes in the mustard plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, is 10. Knowing this, answer the following questions about the stages of mitosis.How many chromosomes will be found in each cell during prophase?arrow_forwardReview the events associated with each stage of mitosis in addition to the preparatory stage, interphase. List these events in table. Some events and structures occur only in plant cells and some occur only in animal cells. Mark these events in your list with an asterisk. This list can serve as an excellent study guide, so be as complete as possible. Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophasearrow_forward
- In terms of chromosome composition, are the two daughter cells in mitosis identical? Are they identical to the parental cell? If yes, cite 3 ways by which daughter cells and their parental cell are identical.arrow_forwardA somatic cell has the genotype DdEe. All chromosomes in this organism are metacentric. Show metaphase and the results of mitosis if the D and E locus are linked on the same chromosome in trans configuration. A sexually reproducing organism has the following phenotype DdEeAaTt: The D and E loci are on the same arm of a metacentric chromosome in cis configuration. The A locus is on the long arm of an acrocentric chromosome and the T locus is on a telocentric chromosome. 2.1. What is the haploid number of this organism? 2.2. Using diagrams show a ceii at metaphase of mitosis and show the results of mitosis.arrow_forwardWhat is the correct chromosomal condition at prometaphase of mitosis? A B C D Earrow_forward
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