(a)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein has the lowest density and why?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(b)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein carries triacylglycerols from the diet?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(c)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from circulation?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(d)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein contains “bad cholesterol” from a vascular disease risk stand point?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(e)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein has the highest ratio of proteins to lipid?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(f)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein carries triacylglycerols from the liver to peripheral tissue? How are triacylglycerols used?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
(g)
Interpretation:
Using the given description about the lipoprotein it should be identified as either chylomicron, HDL, LDL or VLDL.
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues?
Concept introduction:
Lipoproteins are a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids.
Lipoproteins can be classified on the basis of density (protein: lipid ratio)
More protein – increased density
More lipid – decreased density
Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. It is the largest lipoprotein with low density due to high lipid: protein ratio.
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are synthesized in liver and they transport endogenous triglycerides. Second highest in triacylglycerol as percentage of weight.
LDLs- This is a lipoprotein which transport cholesterol and it is considered as the bad cholesterol.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) it has highest density due to high protein: lipid ratio.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- "The following describe lipoprotein organization, classification & function, EXCEPT: " Each type of lipoprotein has a characteristic apoprotein necessary for the transport and metabolism of the lipid inside "Lipid content is less than protein thus, the higher the % TAG the less dense the lipoprotein" The amount of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester increases as lipoprotein density decreases "Chylomicrons and VLDL transport dietary and biosynthesized lipids to the peripheral tissues, respectively"arrow_forwardFatty acids are stored in adipose tissue, as triacylglycerol (TAG) forms. TAGs are degraded as glycerol and fatty acids where energy is required. Based on that knowledge explain: a) How these products are used in the adipose, liver, and other tissue? b)Why glycerol can not be metabolized in adipose tissue?arrow_forwardWhich of the following stimulates lipolysis? a) Phosphorylation of diacylglycerol lipase b) Phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase c) both a and b d) neither a nor barrow_forward
- What would happen to the functionality of cholic acid if the 3 hydroxy groups were removed? A) There would be more thorough digestion of fats B) It would mix with the watery phase of chyme C) It would mix with lipids in the fatty phase of chyme D) Chemical digestion of lipids would be less effective E) Both choices C & D F) A & B are correctarrow_forwardAdipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) hydrolyzes a fatty acyl group from: A) monoacylglycerol. B) diacylglycerol. C) triacylglycerol. D) A and C. E) B and C.arrow_forwardOn the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)arrow_forward
- A 10-year old boy recently joined a soccer team and complains of muscle pain and lightheadedness after each of his last three games. Further testing identifies that he has a defect in his lipolysis pathway, specifically a mutation in the lipase that is phosphorylated in response fasting and exercise. (1) Which lipase is defective in this patient? (A) perilipin(B) adipose triglyceride lipase (C) hormone-sensitive lipase (D) monoacylglycerol lipase (E) protein kinase Aarrow_forwardYou have received a laboratory report showing the presence of a HIGH concentration of ketone bodies in the urine of a patient (ketosis). a) What disease would you suspect in this patient and why? b) Explain why ketone bodies accumulate in such patients, and the sequence of events that lead to their formation. Include the location, any pathways impacted, and the purpose of ketone formation. c) Give the names of the three different ketone bodies, and indicate which ones are used for fuel in extrahepatic cells. d) When ketones are used by extrahepatic cells for fuel, why is a new enzyme used in the pathway (why not simply reverse the pathway used to form ketones)? Explain.arrow_forwardAdministration of insulin decreases the blood concentration of ketone bodies in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis by which of the following mechanisms?A) Decreasing formation of ketone bodies in skeletal muscleB) Decreasing lipolysis in adipose tissueC) Increasing hepatic activity of carnitine acyltransferaseD) Increasing hepatic levels of acetyl CoAE) Increasing hepatic oxidation of ketone bodiesarrow_forward
- What are the primary roles of Lipoprotein A, Intermediate Density Lipoprotein and Lipoprotein X?arrow_forwardDetermine whether the followeing statements are true or false:- a) Ribose must be ingested with food. b) The glucose content in whole blood of 3.3-5.5 µmol / L is normal. c) Sucrose is found in the blood.arrow_forwardDefine high-density lipoprotein (HDL)arrow_forward
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