Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of molecules of acetyl-CoA that are produced by the catabolism of myristic acid should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-
Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of molecules of acetyl-CoA that are produced by the catabolism of caprylic acid should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula
Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by
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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- To oxidize the fatty acid molecule shown below, what enzyme(s) are needed in addition to the enzymes needed for beta - oxidation? A) 2,4- dienoyl-CoA reductase only B) enoyl-CoA isomerase only C) both enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4- dienoyl-CoA reductase D) No additional enzymes are needed besides the normal ones for beta - oxidation. CH3(CH2)3-CH=CH-(CH2)3-C-0° поarrow_forwardConsider the fatty acids: (a) Arachidic acid (C20H40O2); molar mass = 312.5 g/mol) (b) Palmitoleic acid(C16H30O2); molar mass = 256.4 g/mol). i. How many cycles of β -oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?ii. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from its complete catabolism?iii. Calculate the number of molecules (moles) of ATP formed (net) by the completecatabolism of each fatty acid (show your calculation).iv. Calculate number of moles of ATP formed per gram of each fatty acid metabolized.arrow_forwardGiven the following statements, identify which are true and which are not. (1) Two ribose subunits are present in the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide. (2) In the common metabolic pathway, 10 molecules of ATP are produced per acetyl CoA catabolized. (3) The purpose of step 2 in the CAC is to convert a secondary alcohol to a tertiary alcohol.arrow_forward
- How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced in one cycle of beta oxidation? How many cycles would it take to catabolize a stearic acid molecule (a fatty acid, [18:0]) into acetyl Co A units? a)How many acetyl CoA molecules would be produced? b) How many reduced nucleotides would be produced? c) If a molecule of glucose produces a net 32 ATP when completely catabolized, which do you think will produce more energy, one molecule of glucose or one molecule of stearic acid? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardFor myristic acid, C 13H 27CO 2H: (a) How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from complete β-oxidation? (b) How many cycles of β-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?arrow_forwardHow many molecules of acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in the catabolism of a molecule of arachidonic acid, an 20-carbon carboxylic acid? How many times does the spiral reaction sequence occurarrow_forward
- In the presence of an excess of [14C]acetyl- COA, the metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA becomes labeled at which carbon atom(s)?arrow_forwardHow many more acetyl CoA are generated from stearic acid than from linoleic acid during beta oxidation?arrow_forwardUnder conditions where ketone bodies are being produced in the liver, how many ATPs can be produced from a molecule of palmitic acid if all resulting molecules of acetyl-CoA are converted into β-hydroxybutyrate?arrow_forward
- D) Carbohydrate catabolism involves substrate-level phosphorylation. E) My answer is not here 27. The adduct acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein is formed as an intermediate during fatty acid biosynthesis. The CO2 used to synthesize malonyl-S-CoA is lost. Would this help make the reaction more or less energetically favorable? A) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). B) Loss of CO2 has no effect on entropy (AS) and therefore does not affect the favorability of the reaction (AG). C) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG). D) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). E) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG).arrow_forwardFatty acids are converted to their coenzyme A esters in a reversible reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase: R-COO +ATP +COA R-C-COA +AMP + PPi a) The reaction involves two steps the first of which forms an enzyme-bound intermediate identified as the mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and AMP: R-C-O-P-O-nibose-adenine Write two chemical equations coresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by the synthetase. b) The acyl-CoA synthetase reaction as written above is readily reversible. How might the reaction be made to favor formation of fatty acyl-CoA? Write within the box. Anything outside the box will not be graded. From thearrow_forward(i) Consider a preparation that contains all the enzymes and cofactors necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. If [2-H] acetyl-CoA labeled with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen and excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, where will you find these labeled deuterium atoms in a molecule of palmitate synthesized? Explain. S-COA (ii) Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of palmitic acid starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.arrow_forward
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