Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 23, Problem 7TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Cladistics is an approach that finds the similarities in ancestral connection. The idea is that members of the same group share more features than members of other groups.
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Define/discuss the following terms simply: (a) animal taxonomy (b) phenetic systematics (c) cladistics (d) clade (e) monophyletic
ANIMAL TREE - use for several questions that specify "Animal Tree" in the test.
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(a) inferred phylogeny of a set of DNA sequences
Molecular phylogenetics
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(b) derives its power from the distinctive evolutionary patterns
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Chapter 23 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 23.1 - State two justifications for the use of scientific...Ch. 23.1 - Describe the binomial system of naming organisms...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 23.1 - What are the key features of the system of...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 23.2 - What are the major groups of organisms that belong...Ch. 23.2 - In what specific ways does a cladogram give us...
Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.3 - Critically review the difficulties encountered in...Ch. 23.3 - Apply the concept of shared derived characters to...Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 8LOCh. 23.3 - Contrast monophyletic, paraphyletic, and...Ch. 23.3 - How are shared ancestral characters and shared...Ch. 23.3 - Why dont shared ancestral characters provide...Ch. 23.3 - How is molecular biology contributing to the...Ch. 23.3 - Systematisms prefer to recognize monophyletic taxa...Ch. 23.4 - Contrast the traditional classification with the...Ch. 23.4 - Describe the construction of a cladogram by using...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 12LOCh. 23.4 - In what way do systematists use shared derived...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 23.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.5 - Describe how phylogenetic information applied to...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1. The...Ch. 23 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3....Ch. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 4. The...Ch. 23 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In...Ch. 23 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize...Ch. 23 - Prob. 15TYU
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- Test Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardDesign an Experiment Imagine that you are trying to determine the evolutionary relationships among six groups of animals that look very much alike because they have few measurable morphological characters. What data would you collect to reconstruct their phylogenetic history?arrow_forwardCan you help me with thee questions? (A)How does taxonomy help us understand relationships among organisms on earth? What kinds of evidence do scientists use in taxonomy? (B)Discuss the importance of oxygen to all living organisms, and describe how three different organisms—human, flatworm, and fern—obtain the oxygen they need. (C)Discuss the three kinds of waste that humans must remove from their bodies, and explain why waste removal is important to living organisms.arrow_forward
- Part 2: Interpreting your phylogeny Use your phylogeny to answer the following questions in the spaces provided 1. Does any character exhibit evolutionary convergence (i.e., homoplasy) on this tree? If so, which one(s)? Is live birth a derived or an ancestral feature? 2. 3. If species A, B, and C were placed into their own genus based on the presence of green eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? If species D, E, F, and G were placed into their own genus based on the presence of red eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? If species F and G had green eyes, and you knew nothing about the ancestor of the group, would green eyes be more likely to be a derived trait or an ancestral trait? 4. 5. Is any character trait on the tree an autapomorphy, meaning that it is derived but not shared with any other taxa? If so, which one(s)? If not, write 'none.' 6.arrow_forward1. (a) The apparently constant rate of change Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signatures (b) The use of comparative genomics to infer evolutionary relationships among species Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signaturesarrow_forwardINTERPRET DATA Imagine that you discover a new animal in a rain forest. It has an elongated, segmented body with bristles, and it has no obvious head. Where would youplace this animal in the accompanying cladogram? Support your decision. Look at the more detailed cladogram inFigure 30-6a (in Chapter 30). What additional characteristicswould help you place your animal in this cladogram? Explainyour decision-making process.arrow_forward
- 1. Concept Check The similarity in bone structure and arrangement between cats and bats suggests that Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat a) bats originated from bird-like ancestors. b) bats originated from four-legged ancestors, such as cats. c) modern bats fly much faster than ancient bat species. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Concept Check Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of the following were part of Darwin's observations? a) Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than the environment can support. b) Individuals in some populations have varied characteristics. Variation in individuals appears to be inherited. d) all of the above © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.arrow_forwardEach branching point in a cladogram (a) is called a root (b) represents a clade (c) represents the divergence of two or more groups from a common ancestor (d) represents horizontal gene transfer (e) marks the divergence of two kingdomsarrow_forwardTo apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, (A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. (B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. (C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes,in either DNA sequences or morphology. (D) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.arrow_forward
- Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, asdo extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of speciesT, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up(A) a monophyletic taxon.(B) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup.(C) a paraphyletic group.(D) a polyphyletic group.arrow_forward4Scientists should only use derived traits to construct phylogenies because many fossil species retain only derived traits. derived traits are under greater genetic control than are analogous and homologous traits. all organisms have homologous traits. analogous and homologous traits do not tell us anything about close phylogenetic relationships.arrow_forward(e) Using your phylogenetics knowledge from the first exam material , how was the approximate time of divergence between bees and their sister taxa estimated ?arrow_forward
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