Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 23, Problem 9TYU
Test Your Understanding
Apply and Analyze
9. In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transfer
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Practice
Portfolio Activity, Part 1
Five species of Xenite-an imaginary animal-have been found on a planet in another
solar system. Based on the order of the rock layers in which fossils were found, species
A appears to be the oldest and probably the most primitive. There is no evidence to
support the relative age of the other species of Xenite.
A
в с
Be the evolutionary biologist, and complete the following activities to build a
cladogram of Xenites.
a. spines
b. eyestalks
c. tail
D
d. mouth
1. Create a table noting which species of Xenite has each characteristic below,
marking each as yes or no.
E
2. Study your table, and figure out the order of evolution of each character. You
have been given reason to believe that, based on the fossil record, Xenite A is
the ancestral species. For the Xenites, consider what appear to be homologies
and analogies. Create your cladogram for the Xenites.
You may upload a picture of a drawing of your table and your tree using the image box.
1. Concept Check
The similarity in bone structure and arrangement between cats and
bats suggests that
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
a) bats originated from bird-like ancestors.
b) bats originated from four-legged ancestors, such as cats.
c) modern bats fly much faster than ancient bat species.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Concept Check
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism
of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of
the following were part of Darwin's observations?
a) Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than
the environment can support.
b) Individuals in some populations have varied characteristics.
Variation in individuals appears to be inherited.
d) all of the above
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.
(a) The apparently constant rate of change
Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular evolution
Molecular clock
Evolutionary Signatures
(b) The use of comparative genomics to infer evolutionary relationships among species
Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular evolution
Molecular clock
Evolutionary Signatures
Chapter 23 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 23.1 - State two justifications for the use of scientific...Ch. 23.1 - Describe the binomial system of naming organisms...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 23.1 - What are the key features of the system of...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 23.2 - What are the major groups of organisms that belong...Ch. 23.2 - In what specific ways does a cladogram give us...
Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.3 - Critically review the difficulties encountered in...Ch. 23.3 - Apply the concept of shared derived characters to...Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 8LOCh. 23.3 - Contrast monophyletic, paraphyletic, and...Ch. 23.3 - How are shared ancestral characters and shared...Ch. 23.3 - Why dont shared ancestral characters provide...Ch. 23.3 - How is molecular biology contributing to the...Ch. 23.3 - Systematisms prefer to recognize monophyletic taxa...Ch. 23.4 - Contrast the traditional classification with the...Ch. 23.4 - Describe the construction of a cladogram by using...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 12LOCh. 23.4 - In what way do systematists use shared derived...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 23.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 23.5 - Describe how phylogenetic information applied to...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1. The...Ch. 23 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3....Ch. 23 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 4. The...Ch. 23 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In...Ch. 23 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 23 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 23 - Test Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize...Ch. 23 - Prob. 15TYU
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- Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying to determine the evolutionary relationships among six groups of animals that look very much alike because they have few measurable morphological characters. What data would you collect to reconstruct their phylogenetic history?arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3. Each branching point in a cladogram (a) is called a root (b) represents a clade (c) represents the divergence of two or more groups from a common ancestor (d) represents horizontal gene transfer (e) marks the divergence of two kingdomsarrow_forward(e) Using your phylogenetics knowledge from the first exam material , how was the approximate time of divergence between bees and their sister taxa estimated ?arrow_forward
- In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent commonancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardIn cladistic analysis, (a) ancestral characters are used to reconstructphylogenies (b) characters must be homoplastic (c) polyphyletic groups are preferred (d) outgroup analysis is rarely used (e) shared derived characters are the preferred evidence for relatednessarrow_forward1. (a) inferred phylogeny of a set of DNA sequences Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signatures (b) derives its power from the distinctive evolutionary patterns Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signaturesarrow_forward
- In what specific ways does a cladogram give us information about the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms?arrow_forwardPERFORMANCE TASK: 1. Go online. Choose a group of organisms you are interested to work with (e.g. invertebrates); 2. In tabular form, list all the characters. Evaluate the characters (whether primitive or derived). 3. Remember that in building your cladogram, use only shared derived characters. 4. Construct your own cladogram.arrow_forwardPlease do fast How old are the first recognizable mammals relative to the K/T boundary layer (i.e., extinction of the dinosaurs), and from what reptilian lineage did they evolve? Is this lineage the same reptilian lineage that gave rise to birds? How are these lineages distinguished? Hold old are the first fossil birds? What other plant/animal lineages first became widespread in the Tertiary that were less common in the Cretaceous?..arrow_forward
- Activity 18.5 Answer open ended statements. I. Three types of new information shown by a cladogram: 1. Shows ... 2. Shows ... 3. Shows ... II. Give the tree classifications of phylogenetic trees.arrow_forwardTree Thinking Review Draw a bracketed phylogenetic tree of the following groups on the next blank page: • Peat Moss • Capybara • Ostrich Fern • Blobfish • White Pine Tree • Protists • Escheria coli • Mexico Whiptail Lizard • Sunflower Sea Star • Bold Jumping Spider • T. Rex • Flatworm • Apple Tree • Archaea • Chanterelle Mushroom Grasshopper Sparrow After you draw your tree, label where the following traits would have evolved. Consider that traits may have evolved more than one time. • Chloroplasts • Seeds • Endosperm • Flowers • Vascular Tissue • Mitochondria Segmentation • Central Nervous System • Notochord • Vertebrae • Nucleus • Membrane Bound Organelles • Peptidoglycans • Cranium Fur • Lactation • Feathers Jaws • Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cordarrow_forwardPart 2: Interpreting your phylogeny Use your phylogeny to answer the following questions in the spaces provided 1. Does any character exhibit evolutionary convergence (i.e., homoplasy) on this tree? If so, which one(s)? Is live birth a derived or an ancestral feature? 2. 3. If species A, B, and C were placed into their own genus based on the presence of green eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? If species D, E, F, and G were placed into their own genus based on the presence of red eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? If species F and G had green eyes, and you knew nothing about the ancestor of the group, would green eyes be more likely to be a derived trait or an ancestral trait? 4. 5. Is any character trait on the tree an autapomorphy, meaning that it is derived but not shared with any other taxa? If so, which one(s)? If not, write 'none.' 6.arrow_forward
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