Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319114671
Author: Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Question
Chapter 23, Problem 15P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The way by which the glutamate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases help in the
Concept introduction:
Deamination can be defined as the elimination of an amino group from an amino acid or another compound. It is a process of the removal of an
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Draw Gluconeogenesis. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each step of the pathway.
Help filling in the blanks:
The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…
Amino AcidMetabolism.
a. What are the SIXprecursors used in amino acid biosynthesis?
b. What are the SEVEN metabolic intermediates that result from amino acid degradation?
c. Circle the metabolites found in your answers to both a) & b) above.
d) What is the difference between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids? List the glucogenic amino acids, the ketogenic amino acids & the amino acids that are both glucogenic & ketogenic.
Chapter 23 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 23 - Prob. 1PCh. 23 - Prob. 2PCh. 23 - Prob. 3PCh. 23 - Prob. 4PCh. 23 - Prob. 5PCh. 23 - Prob. 6PCh. 23 - Prob. 7PCh. 23 - Prob. 8PCh. 23 - Prob. 9PCh. 23 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 23 - Prob. 11PCh. 23 - Prob. 12PCh. 23 - Prob. 13PCh. 23 - Prob. 14PCh. 23 - Prob. 15PCh. 23 - Prob. 16PCh. 23 - Prob. 17PCh. 23 - Prob. 18PCh. 23 - Prob. 19PCh. 23 - Prob. 20PCh. 23 - Prob. 21PCh. 23 - Prob. 22PCh. 23 - Prob. 23PCh. 23 - Prob. 24PCh. 23 - Prob. 25PCh. 23 - Prob. 26PCh. 23 - Prob. 27PCh. 23 - Prob. 28PCh. 23 - Prob. 29PCh. 23 - Prob. 30PCh. 23 - Prob. 31PCh. 23 - Prob. 32PCh. 23 - Prob. 33PCh. 23 - Prob. 34PCh. 23 - Prob. 35PCh. 23 - Prob. 36PCh. 23 - Prob. 37PCh. 23 - Prob. 38PCh. 23 - Prob. 39PCh. 23 - Prob. 40PCh. 23 - Prob. 41PCh. 23 - Prob. 42PCh. 23 - Prob. 43PCh. 23 - Prob. 44PCh. 23 - Prob. 45PCh. 23 - Prob. 46PCh. 23 - Prob. 47PCh. 23 - Prob. 48PCh. 23 - Prob. 49P
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- Closely related. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and a-ketoglutarate a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are huge enzymes consisting of three discrete enzymatic activities. Which amino acids require a related enzyme complex, and what is the name of the enzyme?arrow_forwardMatch each enzyme to its function. Hint: You may be unfamiliar with some of the enzymes below but you can still use what you have learned about how enzymes are named ("enzyme nomenclature") in chapter 4 to answer this question correctly. glutamate dehydrogenase an enzyme that reduces bi v lactate dehydrogenase oxidizes the molecule crea v creatine kinase an enzyme that reduces bi v glucokinase oxidizes the molecule glut v pancreatic lipase oxidizes the molecule lact: v salivary lipase an enzyme that reduces bi varrow_forwardHO. Hexanoic acid is a 6-carbon saturated fatty acid found in goat's milk. Hexanoic acid also contributes to the "barnyard" smell of goats. Fun fact: Hexanoic acid is also known as caproic acid. The name "caproic" is derived from the Latin word "caper", which means goat. What is the balanced equation for complete beta oxidation of hexanoyl-COA to acetyl-CoA shown below (ignore H20 and H+): O Hexanoyl-COA + 3COA + 3FAD + 3NAD+ -------> 3 acetyl-COA + 3 FADH2 +3 NADH O Hexanoyl-CoA + 2COA + 2FAD + 2NAD+ --> 3 acetyl-CoA + 2 FADH2 + 2 NADH O Hexanoyl-CoA + 1COA + 1FAD + 1NAD+ --> 2 acetyl-CoA + 1 FADH2 +1 NADH O Hexanoyl-COA + 6COA + 6FAD + 6NAD+ --------> 6 acetyl-CoA.+ 6 FADH2 + 6 NADH None of the abovearrow_forward
- - Keto counterparts. Name the a-ketoacida-ketoacid that is formed by the transamination of each of the following amino acids: Co, a. Alanine b. Leucine c. Aspartate d. Phenylalanine e. Glutamate f. Tyrosinearrow_forwarddisease. As such, a frontline treatment for Type 2 diabetes is the drug metformin, which acts indirectly to inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver. You are a research biochemist who would like to develop new drugs that act to directly inhibit gluconeogenesis. You have just gained access to a library of thousands of small molecules of unknown activity, and you would like to identify lead compounds that have specific inhibitory activity against steps in the gluconeogenesis pathway. (a) into PEP in order to screen for inhibitors of enzymes specific to gluconeogenesis. Which enzymes do you need to purify, what cofactors and allosteric effectors do they require, and which reactants do you need to add to reconstitute the reactions for the first bypass? Which intermediates and products are generated? Your first approach is to reconstitute the initial set of bypass reactions that convert pyruvate (b) vitro reconstitution? What additional steps and enzymes are required in liver cells but are…arrow_forward. Glucagon secretion causes inhibition of intracellular acetyl-CoA car- boxylase activity by several mechanisms. Name all you can think of.arrow_forward
- . Avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly to biotin. Therefore, it is a potent inhibitor of biotin-requiring enzyme reac- tions. Consider glucose biosynthesis from each of the following substrates and predict which of these pathways would be inhibited by avidin. (a) Lactate (b) Oxaloacetate (c) Malate (d) Fructose-6-phosphate (e) Phosphoenolpyruvatearrow_forwardRequired partner. Aminotransferases require which of the following cofactors: a. NAD+/NADP+NAD+/NADP+ b. Pyridoxal phosphate c. Thiamine pyrophosphate d. Biopterinarrow_forwardFill in the blanks. Acetaminophen toxicity can occur at high doses in the liver. because ___________ (what type of molecules?) can become saturated and other routes of metabolism take over.Please explain to me what the correct molecule(?) is and why it is correct. I understand that the glucuronidation and sulfation conjugation pathways become saturated, but am not understanding what molecule(s) it is/are that is/are becoming saturated leading to the other routes of metabolism and acetaminophen toxicity.arrow_forward
- X INCORRECT; see section 13.1 Enzymes occasionally display weak "“side" activities. Draw the structure of the product (other than ADP) of the reaction that results when pyruvate kinase, operating in reverse, uses lactate as a substrate. For your structure: 1. Do not include primary or secondary hydrogens. CH2 HO OH Edit Drawingarrow_forwardOnly carbon skeleton of amino acids are used in glucogeneogenesis but not fatty acids. How can fatty acid oxidation in the liver then provide fuel for the brain ? Explain the pathways and compounds involvedarrow_forwardGlycolipids: What are the similarities and differences in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, GPI anchors and N-linked glycans?arrow_forward
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