Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 22, Problem 28P
In domesticated dogs, size has a high heritability, and the trait is determined by only a small number of genes. In contrast,
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Researcher 1 studies IQ in the indigenous people of an isolated island with a population of approximately 3000 people. Researcher 2 studies IQ in North America, looking at millions of people who come from a broad range of social and economic backgrounds. Researcher 1 concludes that 70% of the variation in IQ is genetic, whereas Researcher 2 concludes than only 40% of the variation in IQ is genetic. What is the most likely explanation for these different estimates of the heritability of IQ?
Group of answer choices
The conclusions of Researcher 2 must be flawed, because environment always has a smaller effect on IQ than genetics
Widespread use of technology in North America has increased abstract reasoning ability
There is less environmental variation among the people being studied by Researcher 1, so there is less opportunity for the environment to cause differences among people
IQ tests measure only a subset of the abilities that constitute the concept of intelligence
Suppose that in a population of Peacocks the phenotypic variance for tail length is 2.5 and the heritability for this trait is 0.4. From a long-term captive population you also have data from a line of completely inbred individuals. In this line the phenotypic variance among individuals is 0.50. Assume that there is no epistatic variance (VI) for this trait. Calculate the following:
What is the additive genetic variance?
What is the dominance genetic variance?
What is the environmental variance?
What is the broad-sense heritability (H2)?
Assume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.
Chapter 22 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 22 - Choose the best matching phrase in the right...Ch. 22 - Suppose you grew genetically identical dandelion...Ch. 22 - How can each of the following be used in...Ch. 22 - Two different groups of scientists studying a rare...Ch. 22 - Which of the following statements would be true of...Ch. 22 - Studies have indicated that for pairs of twins...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7PCh. 22 - Prob. 8PCh. 22 - Table 22.2 lists concordance values for MZ and DZ...Ch. 22 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 22 - Prob. 11PCh. 22 - Two alleles at one locus produce three distinct...Ch. 22 - In a certain plant, leaf size is determined by...Ch. 22 - Compare and contrast the use of SNP genotyping: i...Ch. 22 - Explain the similarities and differences between...Ch. 22 - In Fig. 22.14c, the fw2.2 causal gene was...Ch. 22 - Among the most prevalent pathologies that afflict...Ch. 22 - Human geneticists have found the Finnish...Ch. 22 - Canavan disease, caused by homozygosity for a...Ch. 22 - In GWAS analysis, because of the existence of LD...Ch. 22 - In Fig. 22.15: a. Why do some chromosomes in the...Ch. 22 - Consider the triangle diagram shown in Fig. 22.17....Ch. 22 - Prob. 23PCh. 22 - You conduct a Case/Control study comparing the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 25PCh. 22 - ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare, fatal...Ch. 22 - Through GWAS explorations, scientists have...Ch. 22 - In domesticated dogs, size has a high...Ch. 22 - Suppose a GWAS investigation found a particular LD...Ch. 22 - In 2008, Time magazine named as its invention of...
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- Suppose that in a population of Peacocks the phenotypic variance for tail length is 2.5 and the heritability for this trait is 0.4. From a long-term captive population you also have data from a line of completely inbred individuals. In this line the phenotypic variance among individuals is 0.50. Assume that there is no epistatic variance (VI) for this trait. Calculate the following: What is the total genetic variance for tail length? What is the additive genetic variance? What is the dominance genetic variance? What is the environmental variance? What is the broad-sense heritability (H2)?arrow_forwardIn a population of locusts, the mean wing length is 47 mm, the selection gradient on wing length is β = 0.12/mm, the phenotypic variance for wing length is P = 3.6 mm2, and the heritability of wing length is h2 = 0.27. In addition, we know that the additive genetic covariance between wing and leg length is 0.60 mm2. What is the expected evolutionary change in mean leg length due to selection on both wings and legs? Repeat these calculations to predict what will happen to wing length as a result of the selection on both wings and legs. What do you predict the average wing and leg lengths will be in the next generation?arrow_forwardWhen looking at the trait, birth weight in cattle, the average calf weighs 70 lbs with a standard deviation of 5 lbs. Given this simple information, calculate the following: -What is the range of weight for 68.26% of the population? -What percent of the time would a calf weigh more than 80 lbs? -What percent of the time would a calf weigh less than 55 lbs? ***Make sure to enter your answers using numbers & use decimals when necessary***arrow_forward
- In the same population of locusts, the mean wing length is 47 mm, the selection gradient on wing length is β = 0.12/mm, the phenotypic variance for wing length is P = 3.6 mm2 , and the heritability of wing length is h2 = 0.27. In addition, we know that the additive genetic covariance between wing length and leg length is 0.6 mm2 . What is the expected evolutionary change in mean leg length due to selection on wings?arrow_forwardWe have learned that the response to selection is equal to the selection differential times the narrow-sense heritability, and that the narrowsense heritability includes only the additive genetic variance. Why aren’t the dominance genetic variance and the gene interaction variance included? Why don’t they contribute to the genetic variation that is acted on by selection?arrow_forwardAverage human height has changed over the past few centuries. The current generation's average height is 168 centimeters (i.e. 5 foot 10 in). The selection coefficient for height is ß = 0.08, phenotypic variation is Vp = 1.5, and heritability is h² = 0.45. = a. What is the response to selection (R) for height? b. What is the average height expected to be for the next generation? c. Would you say this is strong or weak selection?arrow_forward
- A gardener grows two different colors of apples under exactly the same environmental conditions. Red apples have a heritability of 0.14 for the value of apple weight, and green apples have a heritability of 0.41 for the value of apple weight. The gardener plotted the number of apples present at each weight. Which graph would you hypothesize represents the red apples? Number of apples Weight GRAPH A Number of apples Weight GRAPH B O Graph A O Graph B There is not enough information to make a hypothesis.arrow_forwardThe Australian giant burrowing cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros) is the heaviest cockroach in the world. You are the leading expert on the genetics of this species and are working to domesticate them for food production. Your starting population (G0) has a mean body mass of 30 g and variance of 0.674 g2. You select the largest roaches from this population to breed the next generation (G1). The selected breeders have a mean body mass of 32.4 g and a variance of 0.215 g2. If the narrow sense heritability (h2) of body mass in your cockroaches is 0.35, what will be the expected mean body mass of the G1 population? Round your answer to 2 decimal places.arrow_forwardWe want to breed for larger adult weights for pigs using individual phenotype, in which the population means is 500 lbs and the standard deviation of phenotype is known to be 50 lbs. The adult weight heritability is 0.45. Pig A weighs 475 lbs. Thus, we want to breed the pigs utilizing genomic information, and the selection accuracy for the new criterion is 0.65. Based on this given information, what is the genetic gain per generation assuming the selection differential is 100 lbs?arrow_forward
- 1) The following variances were calculated for two traits in a herd of hogs. Trait Vp VG VA Back fat 30.6 12.2 8.44 Body length 52.4 26.4 11.70 Calculate the broad sense heritability (H?) and narrow sense heritability's (h2) for each train in this herd. Which of the two traits will respond best to the selection by a breeder? Why?arrow_forwardThe typical tail size for elephants is 150 cm, with a standard deviation of 10 cm. The typical tail size for mice is 7 cm, with a standard deviation of 3 cm. Do elephants or mice exhibit greater variability in tail size? Elephants, because CV = 15 > 2.3 Elephants, because SD = 10 cm > SD = 3 cm %3D Elephants, because = 150 cm > 7 cm O Mice, because CV = 0.43 > CV = 0.07 %3D %3Darrow_forwardYour dream has come true, you’re a marine biologist studying Narwhals in the arctic. They have been trying to understand the heritability of tusk length in this species. You are able to take measurements of them in the wild, and in an aquarium where they are treated well with temperature-controlled pools, and a standardized diet. Within the aquarium, there is no environmental variation. In the wild, the total variance was determined to be 10 feet. In the aquarium, total variance between subjects was found to be 3 fee A-What is the heritability of tusk length in the wild? (Express the answer as a decimal with 2 places, ie .12)arrow_forward
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