Chapter 21, Problem 161MP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct responses are urea and Ammonium cyanate.

The first organic compound that is synthesized in the laboratory, rather than isolated from nature was urea synthesized from inorganic chemical Ammonium cyanate by Friedrich Wohler in $1828.$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is Alkane.

An organic compound whose all carbon-carbon bonds are single is said to be an alkane. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is Tetrahedral.

The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is tetrahedral. As carbon is tetravalent and ${\text{sp}}_{\text{3}}$ hybridized so it forms tetrahedral orientation of the four pairs of electrons.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is n-alkanes.

Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain contain normal hydrocarbon chain and are said to be n-alkanes that is normal alkane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is chain.

Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but they exhibit different arrangement of the chain between those atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is –ane.

The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending –ane added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is longest.

For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is numbers.

The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbons framework of a molecule are indicated by the numbers of the carbon atoms to which the substituent’s attached.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is substitution.

The major use of alkanes has been in substitution reactions, as a source of heat and light.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is substitution.

With very reactive agents, such as the halogen, alkane undergoes substitution reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is addition.

Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid complete addition reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is hydrogenation.

Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of hydrogenation. It is a process in which an unsaturated fat is converted into a solid fat.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is Aromatic.

Benzene is the parent number of the group of hydrocarbons called Aromatic.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is functional.

An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a functional group.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is methyl.

A methyl alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

(p)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is water gas.

The simplest alcohol, methanol is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of water gas.

(q)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is fermentation.

Ethanol is commonly prepared by the fermentation of certain sugars by yeast.

(r)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is carbonyl.

Both aldehyde and ketones contain the carbonyl group but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

(s)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is oxidation.

Aldehydes and ketones prepared by the oxidation of the corresponding alcohol.

(t)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct response is electron releasing.

Organic acids which contain the electron releasing group are typically weak acids.

(u)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The following blanks based on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are to be filled.

Concept introduction: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined by single or multiple bonds. The saturated hydrocarbons are those containing single bonds and are commonly known as alkanes while the unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bond and are known as alkene and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene ring that a hydrocarbon with a delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms and are also known as arenes.

To determine: The correct response for the given blank.

Explanation of Solution

The correct responses are ester and alcohol.

The typical sweet-smelling compounds called ester results from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol.