Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Lewis structures represent covalent bonds and describe valence electrons configuration of Lewis structures represent covalent bonds and describe valence electrons configuration of atoms. The covalent bonds are depicted by lines and unshared electron pairs by pairs of dots. The sequence to write Lewis structure of some molecule is given as follows:
- The central atom is identified and various other atoms are arranged around it. This central atom so chosen is often the least electronegative.
- Total valence electrons are estimated for each atoms.
- single bond is first placed between each atom pair.
- The electrons left can be allocated as unshared electron pairs or as multiple bonds around
symbol of element to satisfy the octet (or duplet) for each atom. - Add charge on overall structure in case of polytatomic cation or anion.
(b)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(d)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
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Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
- Acetylene 1C2H22 and nitrogen 1N22 both contain a triplebond, but they differ greatly in their chemical properties.(a) Write the Lewis structures for the two substances. (b) Byreferring to Appendix C, look up the enthalpies of formationof acetylene and nitrogen. Which compound is more stable?(c) Write balanced chemical equations for the completeoxidation of N2 to form N2O51g2 and of acetylene to formCO21g2 and H2O1g2. (d) Calculate the enthalpy of oxidationper mole for N2 and for C2H2 (the enthalpy of formationof N2O51g2 is 11.30 kJ>mol). (e) Both N2 and C2H2 possesstriple bonds with quite high bond enthalpies (Table 8.3).Calculate the enthalpy of hydrogenation per mole for bothcompounds: acetylene plus H2 to make methane, CH4;nitrogen plus H2 to make ammonia, NH3.arrow_forwardChemical species are said to be isoelectronic if they have the same Lewis structure (regardless of charge). Consider these ions and write a Lewis structure for a neutral molecule that is isoelectronic with them. (a) CN–, (b) NH4+ (c) CO3 2–arrow_forwardLike several other bonds, carbon-oxygen bonds havelengths and strengths that depend on the bond order. Draw Lewis structures for the following species, and arrange them in order of increasing carbon-oxygen bond length and then by increasing carbon-oxygen bond strength: (a) CO; (b) CO₃²⁻; (c) H₂CO;(d) CH₄O; (e) HCO₃(H attached to O).arrow_forward
- From their Lewis structures, determine the number of sand π bonds in each of the following molecules or ions:(a) CO2; (b) cyanogen,(CN2); (c) formaldehyde, H2CO;(d) formic acid, HCOOH, which has one H and two O atomsattached to C.arrow_forwardWhich of the following bonds are polar: (a) P—O; (b) S—F; (c) Br—Br; (d) O—Cl? Which is the more electronegative atom in each polar bond?arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) IF₅; (b) AlH₄⁻arrow_forward
- Draw a Lewis electron-dot symbol for (a) Rb; (b) Si; (c) I.arrow_forwardFrom their Lewis structures, determine the number of sand p bonds in each of the following molecules or ions:(a) CO2; (b) cyanogen, 1CN22; (c) formaldehyde, H2CO;(d) formic acid, HCOOH, which has one H and two O atomsattached to C.arrow_forwardDraw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of (a) N3₃⁻; (b) NO₂⁻.arrow_forward
- Acetylene (C2H2) and nitrogen (N2) both contain a triplebond, but they differ greatly in their chemical properties.(a) Write the Lewis structures for the two substances. (b) By referring to Appendix C, look up the enthalpies of formationof acetylene and nitrogen. Which compound is more stable?(c) Write balanced chemical equations for the completeoxidation of N2 to form N2O5(g) and of acetylene to formCO2(g) and H2O(g). (d) Calculate the enthalpy of oxidationper mole for N2 and for C2H2 (the enthalpy of formationof N2O5(g) is 11.30 kJ/mol). (e) Both N2 and C2H2 possesstriple bonds with quite high bond enthalpies (Table 8.3).Calculate the enthalpy of hydrogenation per mole for bothcompounds: acetylene plus H2 to make methane, CH4;nitrogen plus H2 to make ammonia, NH3.arrow_forwardDraw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of (a) NO₂⁺; (b) NO₂F (N is central)arrow_forwardKeeping in mind that some elements violate the octet rule, draw a Lewis structure for each compound: (a) BeH 2; (b) PCl 5.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning