To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation. Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant ( ρ )is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ( logk ) versusHammett substitution constant ( σ ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as: The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Question

Information about the mechanism of the reaction undergone by a series of substituted benzenes can be obtained by plotting the logarithm of the observed rate constant determined at a particular pH against the Hammett substituent constant (o) for the particular substituent. The o value for hydrogen is 0. Electron-donating substituents have negative o values; the more strongly electron donating the substituent, the more negative its o value. Electron-withdrawing substituents have positive o values; the more strongly electron withdrawing the substituent, the more positive its o value. The slope of a plot of the logarithm of the rate constant versus o is called the p (rho) value. The p value for the hydroxide-ion-promoted hydrolysis of a series of meta- and para-substituted ethyl benzoates is +2.46; the p value for amide formation for the reaction of a series of meta- and para-substituted anilines with benzoyl chloride is -2.78. OCH,CH3 OCH,CH3 OCH,CH3 ortho-substituted meta-substituted…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Information about the mechanism of the reaction undergone by a series of substituted benzenes can be obtained by plotting the logarithm of the observed rate constant determined at a particular pH against the Hammett substituent constant (o) for the particular substituent. The o value for hydrogen is 0. Electron-donating substituents have negative o values; the more strongly electron donating the substituent, the more negative its o value. Electron-withdrawing substituents have positive o values; the more strongly electron withdrawing the substituent, the more positive its o value. The slope of a plot of the logarithm of the rate constant versus o is called the p (rho) value. The p value for the hydroxide-ion-promoted hydrolysis of a series of meta- and para-substituted ethyl benzoates is +2.46; the p value for amide formation for the reaction of a series of meta- and para-substituted anilines with benzoyl chloride is -2.78. OCH,CH3 OCH,CH3 OCH,CH3 ortho-substituted meta-substituted…

Azulene, an isomer of naphthalene, has a remarkably large dipole moment for a hydrocarbon (µ = 1.0 D). Explain using resonance structures.

Alkynes do not react directly with aqueous acid as do alkenes, but will do so in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction occurs with Markovnikov regiochemistry, so the OH group adds to the more highly substituted carbon and the H adds to the less highly substituted carbon. The initial product of the reaction is a vinyl alcohol, also called an enol. The enol immediately rearranges to a more stable ketone via tautomerization. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions -X티 Hö: H-O -CH3 -CH3 H30*

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 12

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Ch. 16.1 - The aromas of many flowers and fruits are due to...Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 16.1 - Name the following:Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 4P Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16.2 - Which is longer, the carbon-oxygen single bond in...Ch. 16.2 - There are three carbon-oxygen bonds in methyl...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 8P Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the Hammett reaction constant, which is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ( logk ) versusHammet

Chapter 16 Solutions