Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 5TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid carries hereditary information from one generation to another. After several experiments, scientists have found evidence that claims that DNA is the hereditary material that passes on the genetic information from one generation to the next.
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During the incubation step of the plaque assay, viral replication leads to host cell lysis. This allows the freshly-released virions to diffuse through the media and infect new hosts. The amount of agar added to the top agar is 7 g per liter rather than the 16 g of agar per liter for most solid media, including the bottom agar used in this assay. How would it change the plaque assay results if bottom agar was used in place of the top agar in this assay?
a- The diameter of the plaques would be smaller.
b- The diameter of the plaques would not change.
c- The diameter of the plaques would be larger.
(2) A researcher measured the viral titer of PhiX174 in fish tank water, untreated sewage water, and unpasteurized apple juice. Which sample do you predict will have the highest titer on this page?
a- Fish tank water
b- Unpasteurized apple juice
c- Untreated sewage water
You have conducted serial 10-fold dilutions and measured the cfu (colony forming units) of a Streptococcus pneumoniae culture and also the pfu (plaque forming units) of a phage (virus) that infects the bacteria. You counted 5 cfu in a 0.4 ml sample of a 106 dilution of the bacterial sample. You then counted 50 plaque-forming units (pfu) in a 0.25 ml sample of a 108 diluted sample of the phage culture. What are the cfu/ml of the S. pneumoniae and pfu/ml of the phage cultures before dilution?
5 x 106 cfu/ml and 2 x 109 pfu/ml
4 x 107 CFU/ml and 2 x 109 PFU/ml
1.25 x 108 cfu/ml and 10 x 1010 pfu/ml
1.25 x 107 cfu/ml and 2 x 1010 pfu/ml
Imagine that you are a student in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s lab in the late 1940s. You are given five test tubes containing E. Coli bacteria infected with T2 bacteriophages that have been labeled with either 32P or 35S. Unfortunately, you forget to mark the tubes and are now uncertain about which tubes is which. You performed their blender experiment and got the following results. Which tube out of these 5 contains E. Coli infected with 32P-labeled phage? Explain your answer.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 16 - Hershey and Chase devised an experiment using...Ch. 16 - Review the structure of DNA by labeling the...Ch. 16 - Using different colors for heavy (parental) and...Ch. 16 - Look back to Interactive Question 16.2 and label...Ch. 16 - In this diagram of bacterial DNA replication,...Ch. 16 - Draw the last Okazaki fragment being formed on the...Ch. 16 - List the successive levels of packing in a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1SYKCh. 16 - Prob. 2SYKCh. 16 - One of the reasons most scientists thought...
Ch. 16 - Transformation involves a. the uptake of external...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following most closely represents...Ch. 16 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 16 - In their classic experiment, Meselson and Stahl a....Ch. 16 - The joining of nucleotides in the polymerization...Ch. 16 - DNA polymerase is not able to begin copying a DNA...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following is least related to the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 16 - Which of the following statements about telomeres...Ch. 16 - You are trying to test your hypothesis that DNA...Ch. 16 - Given the experimental procedure explained in...Ch. 16 - Prob. 21TYKCh. 16 - Biologists have learned from the technique of...
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- The following pictures show the results of a Disk Diffusion Assay for different types of bacteria. For each bacteria, what antibiotic would you recommend be used on the patient? Explain your choice.arrow_forwardA graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20∘C= 100; LD50 @ 37∘C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20∘C= 1000 LD50 @ 37∘C= 100 Group of answer choices It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.arrow_forwardConsidering counting rules, calculate the initial titre of the sample viral stock if the following plaques were counted in a plaque assay. Show clear sample calculations. Table 1: Plaque assay counts for lambda phage stock titre enumeration of average concentration (PFU/mL) Total dilution of viral stock 1/13500000 1/135000000 1/135000000 plated Volume diluted viral stock 0.1 0.1 0.1 plated (mL) PFU replicate 1 TNTC 275 25 Calculated concentration (PFU/mL) replicate 1 PFU replicate 2 TNTC 239 23 Calculated concentration (PFU/mL) replicate 2 Average concentration (PFU/mL)arrow_forward
- A graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20°C= 100; LD50 @ 37°C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20°C= 1000 LD 50 @ 37°C= 100 O It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. O Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. O Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.arrow_forwardYou infect bacteria with two phages during a cis test. This produces a lysate that contains phage particles. Before you can count outcomes, you need to work out the amount of phage to use in subsequent experiments. You start by making two ten- fold serial dilutions of the lysate and then add 1mL of the final diluted lysate to a plate of permissive strain e.coli. You observe 10 plaques. How many phage per mL were present in the original lysate? a. 10 phage/mL o b. 3,300 phage/mL c. 10,000 phage/mL o d. 1,000 phage/mL e. 33 phage/mLarrow_forwardIn Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets. Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly. If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.arrow_forward
- You are attempting to propagate bacteriophage of Bacillus cereus using a liquid batch culture. A growing culture of B. cereus is inoculated with your bacteriophage. The day before you tested the bacteria and the phage batch and they both behaved as expected. You made sure that all containers are labeled appropriately. Immediately after inoculation, you take a sample but are unable to detect any bacteriophage in the media. What is the most likely explanation? O You used the wrong bacteria or the wrong bacteriophage. There is an issue with the phage batch. O There is a problem with your bacterial culture of B. cereus. O It is too soon. The bacteriophages are still replicating and assembling inside the bacterial cells and are therefore not detectable in the growth media.arrow_forwardYou are using bacterium E.coli to synthesize a protein from recombinant DNA. The protein remains in the bacterium, so you must lyse the cell in order obtain the protein. Describe the steps you will take to disrupt the microbe.arrow_forwardImagine that you are a student in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s lab in the late 1940s. You are given five test tubes containing E. coli bacteria infected with T2 bacteriophages that have been labeled with either 32P or 35S. Unfortunately, you forget to mark the tubes and are now uncertain about which were labeled with 32P and which with 35S. You place the contents of each tube in a blender and turn it on for a few seconds to shear off the phage protein coats. You then centrifuge the contents to separate the protein coats and the cells. You check for the presence of radioactivity and obtain the following results. Which tubes contained E. coli infected with 32P-labeled phage? Explain your answer. Tube number Radioactivity present in 1 Cells 2 Protein coats 3 Protein coats 4 Cells 5 Cellsarrow_forward
- A plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted 3 times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 12 plaques.What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL? Enter your answer to two significant figures ( for example: 1.1 * 10^2)arrow_forwardWhen plasmids are isolated from bacterial cells, they may existin a number of forms.a. List the different forms that may be found.b. Which do you think would migrate the fastest and farthest in anelectrophoresis experiment and why?arrow_forwardThe following image is of an agarose gel. If DNA samples were loaded to this gel and the electrophoresis experiment was started, explain what would happen and why.arrow_forward
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