Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 9RQ
Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- acetylcholine
- adrenaline
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Which of the following is false?
Steroids do not require a G protein and second messenger.
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Increased levels of AMP will cause an increase in enzyme activity
A G protein links the first messenger with the second messenger.
Which of the following first messengers is a polypeptide?
acetylcholine
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Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a release of epinephrine. Some of this circulating epinephrine binds to a G-alpha-s coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of muscle cells. Which of the following would occur in the muscle cell as a result of this activation?
Nitric oxide synthesis would increase.
cyclic AMP (cAMP) activity would increase.
Phospholipase C (PLC) would hydrolyze (cut) the molecule PIP2.
The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease.
The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. Which ligand is CORRECTLY matched with its characteristic?
Group of answer choices
Glucagon: stimulates the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway
Nitric oxide (NO): must bind to its target protien withn a few seconds because NO degrades rapidly
Steroid hormone: produces a response in its target cells within seconds
Acetylcholine: hydrophobic molecule that binds to…
Chapter 15 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Read this article...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Which of these physiological changes would not be...Ch. 15 - Which type of fiber could be considered the...Ch. 15 - Which signaling molecule is most likely...Ch. 15 - Which of these cranial nerves contains...
Ch. 15 - Which of the following is not a target of a...Ch. 15 - Which of the following represents a sensory input...Ch. 15 - What is the term for a reflex that does not...Ch. 15 - What neurotransmitter will result in constriction...Ch. 15 - What gland produces a secretion that causes...Ch. 15 - Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?...Ch. 15 - Which of these locations in the forebrain is the...Ch. 15 - Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to...Ch. 15 - What region of the limbic lobe is responsible for...Ch. 15 - What is another name for the preganglionic...Ch. 15 - What central fiber tract connects forebrain and...Ch. 15 - A drag that affects both divisions of the...Ch. 15 - A drug is called an agonist if it ________. blocks...Ch. 15 - Which type of drug would be an antidote to...Ch. 15 - Which kind of ding would have anti-anxiety...Ch. 15 - Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma...Ch. 15 - In the context of a lioness hunting on the...Ch. 15 - A target effector, such as the heart, receives...Ch. 15 - Damage to internal organs will present as pain...Ch. 15 - Medical practice is paying more attention to the...Ch. 15 - Horners syndrome is a condition that presents with...Ch. 15 - The cardiovascular center is responsible for...Ch. 15 - Why does smoking increase the risk of heart...Ch. 15 - Why might topical, cosmetic application of...
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- Which of the following first messengers is hydrophobic and binds to a nuclear receptor protein inside cells? Oglucagon epinephrine O acetylcholine Oglucocorticoid insulinarrow_forwardIn muscle cells, when adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptor, it trigger signaling cascade leading to active glycogen phosphorylate breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (Glycogen -> G1P). Base on following figure, describe this signaling cascade:arrow_forwardAnother general principle of physiology states that physiological processes require the transfer and balance of matter and energy. How is energy balance-related to intracellular signaling?arrow_forward
- Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical class of messengers is produced from this fatty acid?arrow_forwardwhen kidney cells secrete low levels of oxygen in the blood they secrete erythropoietin. in this particular signaling pathway (response to low oxygen) the secretion of erythropoietin represents which step of the signal transdution process?arrow_forwardWhich of the following mutations in the Gas subunit of the GPCR pathway for glycogen breakdown in the liver would prevent the cell from breaking down glycogen in response to adrenaline or epinephrine? epinephrine -adrenergic adenylyl cyclase cellular membrane PKA GTP GOP OATP CAMP activated PKA glucose O glycogen from a-adrenergic receptor activation One that constitutively activates PKA One that prevents it from binding GTP One that destroys its GTPase activity One that prevents it from hydrolyzing GTParrow_forward
- Nitric oxide produced by the endothelial layer of blood vessels stimulates the smooth muscle layer underneath to relax, leading to widening of blood vessel lumen and subsequent decrease in blood pressure. This type of cellular communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells is an example of what type of chemical signaling?arrow_forwardDigoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transportarrow_forwardEndocrine Ligand acting on intracellular receptor should be: O Hydrophilic O Hydrophobic O Amphipathic O Macromolecule What kinds of molecules may pass througharrow_forward
- Which part of the phosphatidylcholine molecule would be the most negatively-charged? the fatty acid group the trimethylamine group the glycerol group the phosphate group the choline grouparrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic AMP is WRONG? Cyclic AMP is synthesized by adenylyl cyclase and degraded by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Many extracellular signals acting via G-protein-coupled receptors affect the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and thus alter the concentration of cyclic AMP. The G protein alpha subunit switches itself off by hydrolyzing its bound GDP to GTP.arrow_forwardOverexpression of this receptor in the cells of the adrenal gland causes Cushing's syndrome, a disease caused by the overproduction of cortisol. One strategy that scientists have employed to treat this disease is the use of small molecules that bind to, but do not activate, MC2R. This type of molecule is generically referred to as an antagonist. How can an antagonist bind to the same receptor as ACTH but not activate it? O a. The antagonist can bind covalently while ACTH binds non-covalently O b. The antagonist is only partially complimentary to the binding pocket of MC2R O The antagonist binds to ACTH and blocks it from binding to the receptor properly O d. The antagonist is the exact same structure as ACTH but since it is synthetic it doesn't work One cause of Cushing's syndrome is the inappropriate production of GPCRS in the adrenal gland that are not normally present in those cells. When these receptors are activated they result in the production of cortisol. Which statement about…arrow_forward
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