Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 14, Problem 27PDQ
It is estimated that about 0.2 percent of human mutations are due to transposon insertions and a much higher percentage of mutational damage is known to occur in some other organisms. In what way might transposon insertion contribute positively to evolution?
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You are collaborating with a cool new local brewery on an experiment with one of their strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer’s yeast. You decide to apply what you learned in Evolution to create a mutation accumulation (MA) line to see if the patterns of mutation in their strain of S. cerevisiae follow patterns seen in other species. Which of the following best describes an actual result you observe form studying the mutation accumulation (MA) lines you created?
a.
Beneficial mutations occur far less frequently than deleterious mutations do.
b.
The neutral mutations had a greater effect on fitness compared to other mutation types.
c.
Most of the mutations that occur are the result of large chromosomal rearrangements.
d.
Of all possible mutation types, deleterious mutations are the most common mutation.
As discussed, the overall rate of mutations in humans is estimated to be about 1 × 10−8 mutations per base pair per generation. How many new mutations would you expect each person to carry, on average, based on this mutation rate? Other studies have estimated that each person carries about 100 new loss-of-function mutations. How does this number compare with your estimate of the number of mutations based on the mutation rate? What might account for any differences?
In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 14 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 257....Ch. 14 - What is a spontaneous mutation, and why are...Ch. 14 -
4. Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a...Ch. 14 - Why is a random mutation more likely to be...Ch. 14 - Most mutations in a diploid organism are...
Ch. 14 - What is meant by a conditional mutation?Ch. 14 -
8. Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may...Ch. 14 - Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of...Ch. 14 - Why are frameshift mutations likely to be more...Ch. 14 - Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV...Ch. 14 -
12. DNA damage brought on by a variety of natural...Ch. 14 - Contrast the various types of DNA repair...Ch. 14 -
14. Mammography is an accurate screening...Ch. 14 - Describe how the Ames test screens for potential...Ch. 14 - What genetic defects result in the disorder...Ch. 14 - In a bacterial culture in which all cells are...Ch. 14 - Human equivalents of bacterial DNA mismatch repair...Ch. 14 - A number of different types of mutations in the...Ch. 14 -
20. Some mutations that lead to diseases such as...Ch. 14 - In maize, a Ds or Ac transposon can cause...Ch. 14 -
22. Presented here are hypothetical findings from...Ch. 14 -
23. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe autosomal...Ch. 14 -
24. Electrophilic oxidants are known to create...Ch. 14 - Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal...Ch. 14 -
26. The initial discovery of IS elements in...Ch. 14 -
27. It is estimated that about 0.2 percent of...Ch. 14 -
28. It has been noted that most transposons in...Ch. 14 - Two related forms of muscular dystrophy–Duchenne...
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- For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.arrow_forwardWhat is a gene? Why are regulatory genes important to the evolutionary process? What is a mutation as defined in this course and readings. Are the end results of a mutation always "good" or always "bad"? Or is a mutation perhaps neither always good or always bad and could be "neutral or no effect" or "adaptive" in some situations? Does it depend on the gene, amino acid, protein, and case-by-case scenario? What genetic evidence suggests that humans are a part of a biological continuum with all life forms. Does the number of genes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism? Does the number of chromosomes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism?arrow_forwardwhat is the role of gene duplication, whole genome duplication, transposable elements, and horizontal gene transffer in genome evolution?arrow_forward
- In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these is most likely to have arisen.arrow_forwardWhat are the types of transposons? Please explain in detail how transposons contribute to genome evolution.arrow_forwardWhich of the proteins is changing at the slowest rate and is most conserved? OA OB Oc O cannot be determined based on this grapharrow_forward
- What is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.arrow_forwardDifferent mutations in the WDR62 gene that inactivate gene function were found in the genomes of many different people with microcephaly. This information provided strong support for the idea that the WDR62 gene mutation causes microcephaly. The human genome sequence identified WDR62 as one of the approximately 27,000 genes in the human genome. What information about the function of WDR62 do you think was learned originally from the DNA sequence of the normal human genome? What additional information was provided by identification of WDR62 as the microcephaly disease gene?arrow_forwardOur DNA is subject to mutations on a daily basis. Why do most mutations that occur in the genome of organisms escape detection and not elicit a deleterious effect? Why does the child of someone with cancer not necessarily develop cancer? Is it reasonable to state that mutations are essential to the evolutionary process?arrow_forward
- In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these homologous gene types is most likely to have arisen.arrow_forwardWhat role does epigenetics play in the process of genetic evolution?arrow_forwardRecent studies reveal that certain areas of the DNA are less prone to DNA mutations and that mutations may not be random after all. In a study on Arabidopsis thaliana, important genes that are involved in cell growth and expression have been observed to have low mutation rates. What is a possible implication of this observation in evolution?arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY