Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 14, Problem 2PDQ
Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 257. These concepts relate to how gene mutations occur, their
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To understand the genetic basis of locomotion in the diploid nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, recessive mutations were obtained, all making the worm “wiggle” ineffectually instead of moving with its usual smooth gliding motion. These mutations presumably affect the nervous or muscle systems. Twelve homozygous mutants were intercrossed, and the F1 hybrids were examined to see if they wiggled. The results were as follows, where a plus sign means that the F1 hybrid was wild type (gliding) and “w” means that the hybrid wiggled.a. Explain what this experiment was designed to test. b. Use this reasoning to assign genotypes to all 12 mutants. c. Explain why the phenotype of the F1 hybrids between mutants 1 and 2 differed from that of the hybrids between mutants 1 and 5
in a paragraph discuss some examples of the effects of chromosomal mutations in humans in your own words.
For a haploid fungus, the starting point in the biosynthesis of the amino acid
arginine is Compound X, which is always present in and absorbed from the
environment. The arginine biosynthetic pathway is:
Enzyme A
Enzyme B
Enzyme Ç
Compound X
It is know that genes encoding enzymes A and C are on two different
chromosomes.
Compound Y
Compound Z-
Arginine
A mutant strain of genotype a (lacking only enzyme A) is crossed to a mutant strain
of genotype c (lacking only enzyme C) to generate a diploid strain. Sporulation (i.e.
meiosis) is subsequently induced in the resulting diploid strain. What proportion of
the spores (haploids formed by sporulation) is expected to grow on medium without
arginine but supplemented with Compound Y?
O 100%
50%
0%
25%
Chapter 14 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 14 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 257....Ch. 14 - What is a spontaneous mutation, and why are...Ch. 14 -
4. Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a...Ch. 14 - Why is a random mutation more likely to be...Ch. 14 - Most mutations in a diploid organism are...
Ch. 14 - What is meant by a conditional mutation?Ch. 14 -
8. Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may...Ch. 14 - Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of...Ch. 14 - Why are frameshift mutations likely to be more...Ch. 14 - Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV...Ch. 14 -
12. DNA damage brought on by a variety of natural...Ch. 14 - Contrast the various types of DNA repair...Ch. 14 -
14. Mammography is an accurate screening...Ch. 14 - Describe how the Ames test screens for potential...Ch. 14 - What genetic defects result in the disorder...Ch. 14 - In a bacterial culture in which all cells are...Ch. 14 - Human equivalents of bacterial DNA mismatch repair...Ch. 14 - A number of different types of mutations in the...Ch. 14 -
20. Some mutations that lead to diseases such as...Ch. 14 - In maize, a Ds or Ac transposon can cause...Ch. 14 -
22. Presented here are hypothetical findings from...Ch. 14 -
23. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe autosomal...Ch. 14 -
24. Electrophilic oxidants are known to create...Ch. 14 - Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal...Ch. 14 -
26. The initial discovery of IS elements in...Ch. 14 -
27. It is estimated that about 0.2 percent of...Ch. 14 -
28. It has been noted that most transposons in...Ch. 14 - Two related forms of muscular dystrophy–Duchenne...
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- Our understanding of maternal effect genes has been greatly aided by their identification in experimental organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In experimental organisms with a short generation time, geneticists have successfully searched for mutant alleles that prevent the normal process of embryonic development. In many cases, the offspring die at early embryonic or larval stages. These are called maternal effect lethal alleles. How would a researcher identify a mutation that produced a recessive maternal effect lethal allele?arrow_forwardMutations in the HPRT1 gene in humans result in atleast two clinical syndromes. Consult OMIM (www.omim.org) by querying HPRT1; you will only needto look briefly at the top three hits (files #300322,300323, and 308000).a. What is the full name of the HPRT1 enzyme?b. On which chromosome is the HPRT1 gene located?c. Mutations in HPRT1 are associated with two different syndromes. What are these syndromes? Foreach, answer the following questions: (i) What arethe symptoms associated with the syndrome? (ii) Isthe mutant allele that causes the syndrome dominant, recessive, codominant, or incompletely dominant with respect to the normal allele, or do specialconditions apply? (iii) Is the syndrome associatedwith a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function disease allele? (iv) Does the syndrome display allelicheterogeneity? (v) Does the syndrome display locus heterogeneity? (Note: You do not need to understand everything in the OMIM entries to answerthese questions.)arrow_forwardAntibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes?arrow_forward
- Explore chromosomal defects among humans in Ensembl at https://www.ensembl.org/index.html?redirect=no(Links to an external site.) Take a screenshot of one of your findings and describe the type of aberration and its associated phenotype. Identify the locus of gene variant(s) responsible for the disorder. Screenshot Name of chromosomal defect Type of aberration and locus of gene variant(s) Phenotype References:arrow_forwardHumans and many other complex organisms are diploid, possessing two sets of genes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. However, a number of eukaryotic organisms spend most of their life cycles in a haploid state. Many of these eukaryotes, such as Neurospora and yeast, still undergo meiosis and sexual reproduction, but most of the cells that make up the organism are haploid. Considering that haploid organisms are fully capable of sexual reproduction and generating genetic variation, why are most complex eukaryotes diploid? In other words, what might be the evolutionary advantage of existing in a diploid state instead of a haploid state? And why might a few organisms, such as Neurospora and yeast, exist as haploids?arrow_forwardDescribe how you would use replica plating of mutagenized, haploid yeast cells to identify temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in essential genes needed for yeast growth and survival.arrow_forward
- To identify genes controlling the cell cycle in budding yeast, a genetic screen was carried out. In this screen, haploid yeast cells were exposed to a DNA damaging agent to introduce random mutations in the genome. By culturing cells at an elevated temperature (e.g. 37 degrees), where many mutated genes lose their function, scientists identified yeast mutants that showed growth defects and arrest at specific stages of the cell cycle (e.g. in mitosis with large buds). In this screen, mutants of the cyclin-dependent kinase were identified, but not mutants of cyclins. Explain the reason for this outcome.arrow_forward) Explain how and why dorsal/ventral polarity will be affected in fly Question 3 (1. embryos carrying the following mutations; also in each case darken in the area of the cells in the cross-sectional view of the fly embryo which are expected to express the paulie gene. D = dorsal; V = ventral. a) a mutation which results in the deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the Cookie protein. b) A mutation which results in a constitutively active Bombe protein, i.e. the Bombe protein is always in an activated state. c) A mutation which causes the Pickle protein to be retained in the cytoplasm of the embryo.arrow_forwardConsider a bacterium that can synthesize an imaginary amino acid called fictamine. Initially, mutagenesis revealed three genes (X, Y, Z) that participate in the synthesis of fictamine. Two of these genes encode enzymes (called 1 and 2) that synthesize fictamine. The third is a regulatory gene. Mutations in the three genes gave the following phenotypes. Assume that all mutations are recessive. ++ = enzyme present; - - = enzyme absent enzyme activity genotype without fictamine with fictamine 1 2 strain X Y Z 1 2 wild-type + + + ++ ++ mutant a + + mutant b + + ++ mutant c + + ++ For each question below, include a one sentence explanation of your answer. i) Which gene encodes enzyme 1? ii) Which gene encodes enzyme 2? iii) Which gene encodes a regulator? iv) Is the regulator a positive or negative regulator of the genes encoding enzymes 1 and 2? v) Does the presence of fictamine activate or inactivate the regulatory molecule? 1 1arrow_forward
- You receive four strains of yeast in the mail, and the accompanying instructions state that each strain contains a single copy of transgene A. You grow the four strains and determine that only three strains express the protein product of transgene A. Further analysis reveals that transgene A is located at a different position in the yeast genome in each of the four strains. Provide a hypothesis to explain this result.arrow_forwardFragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. 3 6 7 8. 9 10 11 Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because…arrow_forwardFragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? A - The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. B - The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile…arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY