Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 14, Problem 24PDQ
Electrophilic oxidants are known to create the modified base named 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (oxoG) in DNA. Whereas guanine base-pairs with cytosine, oxoG base-pairs with either cytosine or adenine.
(a) What are the sources of reactive oxidants within cells that cause this type of base alteration?
(b) Drawing on your knowledge of
(c) Assume that an unrepaired oxoG lesion is present in the helix of DNA opposite cytosine. Predict the type of mutation that will occur following several rounds of replication.
(d) Which DNA repair mechanisms might work to counteract an oxoG lesion? Which of these is likely to be most effective?
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by different types of mutations, many of which prevent ions from moving across cell membranes. Normally there are channel proteins that allow passage of the ions, but in patients with one kind of CF these proteins seem odd. Closer examination shows that these proteins display the correct amino acid sequence. However, they fail to do their job. A) Given that the primary structure of the protein is correct, what can you infer about the DNA sequence for the gene coding this protein on this patient, is there a mutation? Explain. B) Why is the primary structure insufficient to guarantee the proper function of the protein?
Consider a three-base sequence in the template of DNA: 5' . . . 123 . . .3', in which 1, 2, and 3 refer to the relative positions of deoxyribonucleotides.Comment on the probable effect on the resulting protein if the following point mutations (one-base substitutions) occurred.(a) changing one purine for another in position 1(b) changing one pyrimidine for another in position 2(c) changing a purine to a pyrimidine in position 2(d) changing one purine for another in position 3
Chapter 14 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 -
CASE STUDY| Genetic dwarfism
Seven months...Ch. 14 - CASE STUDY | Genetic dwarfism Seven months...Ch. 14 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 14 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 257....Ch. 14 - What is a spontaneous mutation, and why are...Ch. 14 -
4. Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a...Ch. 14 - Why is a random mutation more likely to be...Ch. 14 - Most mutations in a diploid organism are...
Ch. 14 - What is meant by a conditional mutation?Ch. 14 -
8. Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may...Ch. 14 - Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of...Ch. 14 - Why are frameshift mutations likely to be more...Ch. 14 - Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV...Ch. 14 -
12. DNA damage brought on by a variety of natural...Ch. 14 - Contrast the various types of DNA repair...Ch. 14 -
14. Mammography is an accurate screening...Ch. 14 - Describe how the Ames test screens for potential...Ch. 14 - What genetic defects result in the disorder...Ch. 14 - In a bacterial culture in which all cells are...Ch. 14 - Human equivalents of bacterial DNA mismatch repair...Ch. 14 - A number of different types of mutations in the...Ch. 14 -
20. Some mutations that lead to diseases such as...Ch. 14 - In maize, a Ds or Ac transposon can cause...Ch. 14 -
22. Presented here are hypothetical findings from...Ch. 14 -
23. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe autosomal...Ch. 14 -
24. Electrophilic oxidants are known to create...Ch. 14 - Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal...Ch. 14 -
26. The initial discovery of IS elements in...Ch. 14 -
27. It is estimated that about 0.2 percent of...Ch. 14 -
28. It has been noted that most transposons in...Ch. 14 - Two related forms of muscular dystrophy–Duchenne...
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- A primitive eukaryote was discovered that displayed a unique nucleic acid as its genetic material. Analysis provided the following information: (a) The general X-ray diffraction pattern is similar to that of DNA, but with somewhat different dimensions and more irregularity. (b) A major hyperchromic shift is evident upon heating and monitoring UV absorption at 260 nm. (c) Base-composition analysis reveals four bases in the following proportions: Adenine = 8% Guanine = 37% Xanthine = 37% Hypoxanthine = 18% (d) About 75 percent of the sugars are deoxyribose, while 25 percent are ribose. Postulate a model for the structure of this molecule that is consistent with the foregoing observations.arrow_forwardA primitive eukaryote was discovered that displayed a uniquenucleic acid as its genetic material. Analysis revealed the followingobservations:(a) X-ray diffraction studies display a general pattern similarto DNA, but with somewhat different dimensions and moreirregularity. (b) A major hyperchromic shift is evident upon heating andmonitoring UV absorption at 260 nm.(c) Base-composition analysis reveals four bases in the followingproportions:Adenine = 8% Hypoxanthine = 18%Guanine = 37% Xanthine = 37%(d) About 75 percent of the sugars are deoxyribose, whereas25 percent are ribose.Attempt to solve the structure of this molecule by postulating amodel that is consistent with the foregoing observations.arrow_forwardThe DNA chromosome in E. coli contains approximately 4 million base pairs. The average gene contains about 1500 base pairs. Use this information to calculate the following (show all work ): a) The length in meters of this chromosome. b) The approximate number of genes in the chromosome (assuming no wasted DNA).arrow_forward
- A circular, double-stranded DNA contains 2100 base pairs. The solution conditions are such that DNA has 10.5 bp/turn. (a) What is Lo for this DNA? (b) The DNA is found to have 12 left-handed superhelical turns. What is the superhelix density o?arrow_forwardBased on Chargaff’s rules, if a segment of DNA is composed of 20% adenine (A) bases, what is the percentage of guanine (G)?arrow_forwardAnalogs of nucleotides are often used in studies of DNA. An analog is a modification of one of the normal bases that can be incorporated into DNA via replication and can later be detected for analysis. The thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is widely used in the laboratory for these types of experiments. However, EdU is toxic to cells, and inclusion of EdU in growth medium eventually causes cell death, unlike other thymidine analogs. Recently, a research team examined if cells recognized EdU as damage to the DNA and if the cells used the nucleotide excision repair (NER) systems to fix the DNA (see figure A). Human cells cultured in the lab were treated for 24 hours with either EdU or another thymidine analog, BrdU (blue circles in the figure). The cells were then exposed to UV light where damage would occur (red triangles in the figure). After 1 h of repair in the presence of the analog, the cells were lysed and excision products were separated from cells. An…arrow_forward
- What is the methyl group-containing nucleobase composition of a double- stranded eukaryotic DNA with 52,000 bases that contains 22% bicyclic nucleobases characterized to have both an amino group and a keto group? (Instructions: Do NOT put spaces or commas or additional words/letters/units; Type in your answer in NUMERICAL FORM with the following format: 1234567)arrow_forwardWhat will be the order of amino acids derived from the following DNA sequence 5’-TGATCGCACAAT-3’? Explain briefly. (1.5) If the base G (denoted by an asterisk) in the sequence 5’-TGATCG*CACAAT-3’ is replaced by C due to a mutation, the new sequence will be 5’-TGATCCCACAAT-3’ what will be the new amino acid sequence? Explain briefly. (1.5) If the anticodon sequence of a tRNA is 5’-GCG-3’, what amino acid will it carry? Explain briefly. (1.5) What would be the effect of mutation if the C is changed to A in the anticodon? Explain briefly. (1.5)arrow_forwardThe two sides of the DNA double helix are connected by pairs of bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine). Because of the geometric shape of these molecules, adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine. The figure (Figure 1) shows the thymine-adenine bond. Each charge shown is ±e, and the H−N distance is 0.110 nm . Calculate the net force that thymine exerts on adenine. To keep the calculations fairly simple, yet reasonable, consider only the forces due to the O−H−N and the N−H−N combinations, assuming that these two combinations are parallel to each other. Remember, however, that in the O−H−N set, the O− exerts a force on both the H+ and the N−, and likewise along the N−H−N set. Express your answer in newtons. Is the net force attractive or repulsive?arrow_forward
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