Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13, Problem 32ESP
Recent observations indicate that alternative splicing is a common way for eukaryotes to expand their repertoire of gene functions. Studies indicate that approximately 50 percent of human genes exhibit alternative splicing and approximately 15 percent of disease-causing mutations involve aberrant alternative splicing. Different tissues show remarkably different frequencies of alternative splicing, with the brain accounting for approximately 18 percent of such events [Xu et al. (2002). Nucl. Acids Res. 30:3754–3766].
- (a) Define alternative splicing and speculate on the evolutionary strategy alternative splicing offers to organisms.
- (b) Why might some tissues engage in more alternative splicing than others?
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Consider the CT/CGRP example of alternative splicing. Which different types of alternative splicing patterns are represented?
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 13 - In a mixed heteropolymer experiment using...Ch. 13 - When repeating copolymers are used to form...Ch. 13 - The following represent deoxyribonucleotide...Ch. 13 - Prob. 1CSCh. 13 - A 30-year-old woman was undergoing therapy for...Ch. 13 - A 30-year-old woman was undergoing therapy for...Ch. 13 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on the...Ch. 13 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 13 - Assuming the genetic code is a triplet, what...Ch. 13 - The mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide...
Ch. 13 - In studies using repeating copolymers, AC ......Ch. 13 - In a coding experiment using repeating copolymers...Ch. 13 - Prob. 7PDQCh. 13 - When the amino acid sequences of insulin isolated...Ch. 13 - Prob. 9PDQCh. 13 - Why doesnt polynucleotide phosphorylase (Ochoas...Ch. 13 - Refer to Table 13.1. Can you hypothesize why a...Ch. 13 - Predict the amino acid sequence produced during...Ch. 13 - A short RNA molecule was isolated that...Ch. 13 - A glycine residue is in position 210 of the...Ch. 13 - Refer to Figure 13.7 to respond to the following:...Ch. 13 - Most proteins have more leucine than histidine...Ch. 13 - Define the process of transcription. Where does...Ch. 13 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 13 - Describe the structure of RNA polymerase in...Ch. 13 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 13 - Messenger RNA molecules are very difficult to...Ch. 13 - Present an overview of various forms of...Ch. 13 - One form of posttranscriptional modification of...Ch. 13 - Describe the role of two forms of RNA editing that...Ch. 13 - Substitution RNA editing is known to involve...Ch. 13 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 13 - Prob. 27ESPCh. 13 - Prob. 28ESPCh. 13 - Shown here are the amino acid sequences of the...Ch. 13 - The genetic code is degenerate. Amino acids are...Ch. 13 - M. Klemke et al. (2001) discovered an interesting...Ch. 13 - Recent observations indicate that alternative...Ch. 13 - Isoginkgetin is a cell-permeable chemical isolated...
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- IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to occur in more than 95% of multi-exon genes. Which of the following is not an evolutionary advantage of alternative splicing? Alternative splicing increases diversity without increasing genome size Different gene isoforms can be expressed in different tissues Alternative splicing creates shorter mRNA transcripts Different gene isoforms can be expressed during different stages of development.arrow_forwardTransformation is a process in which bacteria take up new DNA released by dead cells and integrate it into their own genomes (see p. 265 in Chapter 9). In Streptococcus pneumoniae (which causes many cases of pneumonia, inner-ear infections, and meningitis), the ability to carry out transformation requires from 105 to 124 genes, collectively termed the com regulon. The com regulon is activated in response to a protein called competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), which is produced by the bacteria and exported into the surrounding medium. When enough CSP accumulates, it attaches to a receptor on the bacterial cell membrane, which then activates a regulator protein that stimulates the transcription of genes within the com regulon and sets in motion a series of reactions that ultimately result in transformation. Does the com regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae exhibit positive or negative control? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardThree similar proteins are expressed in human tissues: HHT1 is expressed in the liver, HHT2 is expressed in the pancreas, and HHT3 is expressed in the heart. You are given the task of investigating how these 3 similar proteins are produced. After investigation, you conclude that: all answers are correct it is possible that HHT1 and 3 are produced via alternative splicing, and HHT2 is encoded by a different gene it is possible that all 3 proteins are encoded by the same gene and produced via alternative splicing it is possible that each of these proteins are encoded by different genes (3 different genes)arrow_forward
- One of the challenges of studying RNA is the rapid degeneration of RNA. While the half-life of mRNA depends on the solutionit is in, in situ the half life of mRNA is between 5 minutes (E. coli) and 25 minutes (S. cerevisiae). When performing gene expression analyses it is important to make sure you can freeze a sample of mRNA in liquid nitrogen (halting mRNA decay) rapidly as to not loose too much of the original expression. Answer question A and B in order to answer the attached image questions Poll 1 and 2. A. You are doing an experiment with E. coli, what is the decay mRNA decay rate? B. If the sample initially has 0.25 pico-moles or mRNA, how much will remain in the sample if you freeze it 3 minutes later? See attached image for next question. Answer the two green poll questions please!!arrow_forwardRegarding eukaryotic genes, it is correct to state that: * A) Distal enhancer-like elements decrease the intensity of gene transcription activation B)Mutations in intronic regions of a gene can alter the levels of its corresponding protein C)They are regulated only by promoter regions, being activated or repressed by the presence of transcription factors D)The junctions of exons and introns are recognized by splicing factors, which ensure the production of the same mRNA regardless of cell type. E) Activator and repressor proteins bind to the coding region of genes, regulating the intensity of their transcriptionarrow_forwardAlternative splicing is a common mechanism for eukaryotes toexpand their repertoire of gene functions. At least one estimateindicates that approximately 50 percent of human genes usealternative splicing, and approximately 15 percent of diseasecausingmutations involve aberrant alternative splicing. Differenttissues show remarkably different frequencies of alternativesplicing, with the brain accounting for approximately 18 percentof such events. Define alternative splicing and speculate on the evolutionarystrategy alternative splicing offers to organisms.arrow_forward
- Gene X codes for a protein in eukaryotes. A mutated eukaryotic cell contains an altered base-pair in an intron of gene X. Which would be the most likely effect of this mutation on the biomolecules in the cell? The amount of pre-mRNA transcribed from gene X would be less than normal. The amount of functional protein corresponding to gene X would be less than normal. The ability of snRNAs to form a spliceosome would be diminished. The breakdown of mature mRNA corresponding to gene X would be fasterarrow_forwardATM is a kinase that phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to double-stranded DNA breaks. Which of the following scenarios would most quickly regulate ATM activity in the cell? a) Adding silencing methyl groups to cytosines in the Atm gene b) Modifying the histone code for the Atm gene c) Increasing expression of a miRNA specific for the Atm mRNA d) Activating an E3 ubiquitin ligase specific for the ATM proteinarrow_forwardAlternative splicing is a common mechanism for eukaryotes toexpand their repertoire of gene functions. At least one estimateindicates that approximately 50 percent of human genes usealternative splicing, and approximately 15 percent of diseasecausingmutations involve aberrant alternative splicing. Differenttissues show remarkably different frequencies of alternativesplicing, with the brain accounting for approximately 18 percentof such events. Why might some tissues engage in more alternative splicingthan others?arrow_forward
- Enhancers are sequences that affect the initiation of the transcription of genes that are hundreds or thousands of nucleotides away. Transcriptional activator proteins that bind to enhancers usually interact directly with transcription factors at promoters by causing the intervening DNA to loop out. An enhancer of bacteriophage T4 does not function by looping of the DNA (D. R. Herendeen et al. 1992. Science 256:1298–1303). Propose some mechanisms other than DNA looping by which this enhancer might affect transcription at a gene thousands of nucleotides awayarrow_forwardKnowing that the genetic code is almost universal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods to insert the human β-globin gene (Shown in Figure 17.11) into bacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesize functional β-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced is nonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acids than does β-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why.arrow_forwardFor each of the following, identify whether that sequence or feature of a typical protein-coding gene would be recognizable in the specified molecule in a typical prokaryotic cell. 5' UTR in DNA? 5' UTR in mRNA? Shine-Dalgarno in DNA? Shine-Dalgarno in polypeptide? Promoter in RNA? Promoter in polypeptide sequence? Stop codon in mRNA? Stop codon in the polypeptide sequence? [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] > <arrow_forward
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