Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12.3, Problem 32CC
Summary Introduction
To determine: The effect on the action potential of the smooth muscles which are treated with tetrodotoxin (TTX).
Introduction: Smooth muscles are involuntary in nature. The smooth muscles form the supporting tissues of internal organs, intestine, stomach and blood vessels.
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A(n) ["action potential", "muscle twitch", "contraction"] consists of a wave of depolarization that moves along the plasma membrane of a neuron or a muscle fiber. This wave of depolarization is immediately followed by repolarization.
Depolarization is when the cell's membrane potential becomes more ["resting", "negative", "positive"] .
Depolarization occurs when calcium channels open in the plasma membrane.
Repolarization is when the cell's membrane potential becomes more ["resting", "positive", "negative"] , returning the cell to its resting potential.
Repolarization occurs when ["calcium", "sodium", "potassium"] channels close and ["sodium", "calcium", "potassium"] channels open.
From the following choices, choose the THREE, that would result in prevention of muscle contraction (in other words, which three descriptive changes below would result in flaccid paralysis of a muscle).
exocytosis of acetylcholine is constant, even without action potential
injection of botulinum toxin
calcium cannot be pumped back into the terminal cisternae
acetylcholine receptor remains open to sodium
active sites on actin a permanently exposed
dramatically increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase
calcium cannot bind troponin
In smooth muscle cells, acetylcholine stimulates activation of the enzyme ________, which cleaves ________ to form the second messengers ________ and ________.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - Identify as many pairs of antagonistic muscle...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 12.1 - What are the three anatomical elements of a...Ch. 12.1 - What is the chemical signal at a neuromuscular...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 12.1 - Name an elastic fiber in the sarcomere that aids...
Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 11CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 12CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 13CCCh. 12.1 - According to the convention for naming enzymes,...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 15CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 16CCCh. 12.1 - Summation in muscle fibers means that the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 18CCCh. 12.1 - Which type of runner would you expect to have more...Ch. 12.1 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 21CCCh. 12.2 - One study found that many world-class athletes...Ch. 12.3 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 24CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 25CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 26CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 27CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 28CCCh. 12.3 - What happens to contraction if a smooth muscle is...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 30CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 31CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 32CCCh. 12.3 - How can a neuron alter the amount of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 34CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 35CCCh. 12 - The three types of muscle tissue found in the...Ch. 12 - Which two muscle types are striated?Ch. 12 - Which type of muscle tissue is controlled only by...Ch. 12 - Arrange the following skeletal muscle components...Ch. 12 - The modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RQCh. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - List six proteins that make up the myofibrils....Ch. 12 - List the letters used to label the elements of a...Ch. 12 - Briefly explain the functions of titin and...Ch. 12 - During contraction, the __________ band remains a...Ch. 12 - Explain the sliding filament theory of...Ch. 12 - Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and...Ch. 12 - Which neurotransmitter is released by somatic...Ch. 12 - What is the motor end plate, and what kinds of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RQCh. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - The basic unit of contraction in an intact...Ch. 12 - The two functional types of smooth muscle are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - Define muscle fatigue. Summarize factors that...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Prob. 26RQCh. 12 - Prob. 27RQCh. 12 - What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in...Ch. 12 - Compare and contrast: a. fast-twitch...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RQCh. 12 - One way that scientists study muscles is to put...Ch. 12 - Prob. 32RQCh. 12 - On the basis of what you have learned about muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 34RQCh. 12 - Prob. 35RQ
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- Which of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomerearrow_forwardPut these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca²+ binding to troponin to initiate contraction 3. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 4. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2arrow_forwardhen an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal of a neuromuscular junction, which of the following statements best describes the events that occur? Depolarisation of the nerve terminal causes the release of ACh which activates nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle membrane to cause Ca2+ entry and muscle contraction. Depolarisation of the nerve terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entry brings vesicles containing ACh to the membrane which form fusion pores causing the release of ACh which activates voltage-gated Na+ channels at the end-plate. Depolarisation of the nerve terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entry brings vesicles containing ACh to the membrane which form fusion pores causing the release of ACh which binds to muscarinic receptors at the end plate. Depolarisation of the nerve terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entry brings vesicles containing ACh to the membrane which form fusion pores…arrow_forward
- If a muscle cell’s sarcoplasmic reticulum had little to no Ca2+, could the muscle cell still produce an electrical impulse, and would the muscle cell still contract? Explain.arrow_forwardPut the following events in chronological order. (Some of the steps may be missing.)1) Ca*+ floods into the pre-synaptic neuron.2) ch (Acetylcholine) binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma.3) Na+ floods into the post-synaptic muscle cell.4) The A.P arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal causing Ca+ channels to open.5) Ach from the synaptic vesicles spills into the pre-synaptic cleft.6) A post-synaptic action potential results in the muscle fiber (depolarizationarrow_forwardIf ligand-gated K+ channels were to open in an unstimulated muscle fiber,how would this affect the resting membrane potential?arrow_forward
- When curare, a neuromuscular poison, is dropped onto an isolated muscle-nerve preparation in a laboratory, the muscle does not contract when the nerve is stimulated, even though neurotransmitter is released from the nerve cell. Why does this happen? How might this action of curare be lethal to an individual who has been poisoned?arrow_forwardAcetylcholine is necessary for the depolarization of skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following statements concerning acetylcholine action is true. O acetylcholine is released in quanta from the sarcolemma membrane by exocytosis O acetylcholine is released in quanta from the postsynaptic membrane by exocytosis O acetylcholine enters the caveoli to depolarize the sarcolemma acetylcholine enters clathrin -coated vesiclec prior to its degradation by O acetylcholine attaches to transmitter-gated ion channels of the sarcolemma . During an action potential, depolarization occurs because: Channels for sodium ions in the cell membrane open and sodium flows into the cell O Both channels for sodium and potassium are closed O Channels for potassium ions in the cell membrane open and potassium leaves he cell Sodium potassium pump retums sodium to the outside of the cell and potassium to the inside Stroke occurs when a blood clot enters the cerebral ciruculatin, blocking an artery and causing…arrow_forwardHigh blood K+ concentrations cause depolarization of the restingmembrane potential. Predict and explain the effect of high blood K+levels on smooth muscle functionarrow_forward
- Calmodulin is found in smooth muscle cells and performs a similar function to troponin in striated muscle fibers. However, calmodulin not only gets activated by Ca2+ but also slows the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How might this difference relate to the different kinds of contractions smooth muscles do in comparison to striated muscles?arrow_forwardThe venom of many cobras contains a potent neurotoxin that binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels,causing them to open. Unlike ACh, which binds to and then rapidly unbinds from ligand-gated Na+ channels, the neurotoxin tends to remain bound to ligand-gated Na+ channels. How does this neurotoxin affect the nervous system’s ability to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction? How does it affect the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to respond to stimulation?arrow_forwardWhen an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Which of the following represents the correct order of the next series of events? A. An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubules, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds to actin. B. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubules, and myosin binds to actin. C. An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubules, Ca2+ is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds to actin. D. T tubules are depolarized, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential is created in the muscle cell, and myosin bonds to actin. E. An action potential travels…arrow_forward
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