Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 24RQ
Define muscle fatigue. Summarize factors that could play a role in its development. How can muscle fibers adapt to resist fatigue?
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Chapter 12
You should be able to:
Classify the nervous system in to two major parts.
Name the organs in CNS and PNS.
Name the two major types of nerves and mention to their numbers.
Mention to…
Describe what happens to muscle during atrophy and hypertrophy.
List 2 ways that atrophy occurs.
List 2 ways that hypertrophy occurs.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - Identify as many pairs of antagonistic muscle...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 12.1 - What are the three anatomical elements of a...Ch. 12.1 - What is the chemical signal at a neuromuscular...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 12.1 - Name an elastic fiber in the sarcomere that aids...
Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 11CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 12CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 13CCCh. 12.1 - According to the convention for naming enzymes,...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 15CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 16CCCh. 12.1 - Summation in muscle fibers means that the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 18CCCh. 12.1 - Which type of runner would you expect to have more...Ch. 12.1 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 21CCCh. 12.2 - One study found that many world-class athletes...Ch. 12.3 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 24CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 25CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 26CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 27CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 28CCCh. 12.3 - What happens to contraction if a smooth muscle is...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 30CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 31CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 32CCCh. 12.3 - How can a neuron alter the amount of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 34CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 35CCCh. 12 - The three types of muscle tissue found in the...Ch. 12 - Which two muscle types are striated?Ch. 12 - Which type of muscle tissue is controlled only by...Ch. 12 - Arrange the following skeletal muscle components...Ch. 12 - The modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RQCh. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - List six proteins that make up the myofibrils....Ch. 12 - List the letters used to label the elements of a...Ch. 12 - Briefly explain the functions of titin and...Ch. 12 - During contraction, the __________ band remains a...Ch. 12 - Explain the sliding filament theory of...Ch. 12 - Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and...Ch. 12 - Which neurotransmitter is released by somatic...Ch. 12 - What is the motor end plate, and what kinds of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RQCh. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - The basic unit of contraction in an intact...Ch. 12 - The two functional types of smooth muscle are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - Define muscle fatigue. Summarize factors that...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Prob. 26RQCh. 12 - Prob. 27RQCh. 12 - What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in...Ch. 12 - Compare and contrast: a. fast-twitch...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RQCh. 12 - One way that scientists study muscles is to put...Ch. 12 - Prob. 32RQCh. 12 - On the basis of what you have learned about muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 34RQCh. 12 - Prob. 35RQ
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- Indicate which of the following are true. Chronically shortened muscles will lose sarcomeres in series in order to maintain ideal amounts of myofilament overlap. Contractile force is proportional to the length of a muscle. Muscle organ contraction is all or nothing. Muscle cells are surrounded by an endomysium. Actin is the thick filament and Z-lines are where the cross-bridges zig-zag to adjacent actin filaments. Muscles with fewer motor units are weaker, i.e., capable of less force. A nerve impulse, calcium, and ATP are necessary for muscle contraction. Tendons attach bones to bones and help to limit the range of motion at joints. Muscle tissue is very dynamic and will respond to chronic stress by becoming stronger (making more myofilaments), chronic contraction by becoming shorter (losing sarcomeres in series), and stretching by becoming longer (adding sarcomeres in series). Myofilaments are actually long strands of proteins.arrow_forwardThe changes related to muscle mobility are the most obvious in older adult. There can be measurable differences in muscle strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, elasticity, and flexibility of connective tissue. Regular exercise is necessary to prevent a decrease in muscle strength. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments more flexible, allowing for a more active lifestyle. Please research and describe some activities you could recommend to an elderly patient to stay active to help them maintain muscle massarrow_forwardIllustrate and describe the fine structure (electron micrograph) of a skeletal muscle fiber.arrow_forward
- Distinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in terms of location and whether they have sarcomeres. Use the sliding filament model to draw how thin filaments, thick filaments, and Z lines move during muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of acetylcholine release, reception, or breakdown will influence muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, or calcium would influence muscle contraction. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Predict how changes in stress levels or situations would affect activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and blood pressure.arrow_forwardDescribe the contraction of a muscle fiber, starting with what events take place at the neuromuscular junction, explaining how depolarization along the length of the sarcolemma occurs, the role of calcium (where it is released, what it binds to, etc.), and the events that occur after calcium binds to troponin. Draw a few simple, labelled diagrams of a neuromuscular junction and sarcomere and outline the steps of excitation-contraction coupling, including power stroke, recovery stroke, formation of cross bridges, role of ATP, etc.arrow_forwardDefine hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Explain skeletal muscle adaptations to strength training (over time, not acute). What are the mechanisms of action? What hormones are involved? What cell signaling occurs to produce hypertrophy? Identify two principles of resistance training and explain how they contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. Provide at minimum, two reputable resources to back up your claims.arrow_forward
- Indicate if the statements are TRUE or FALSE. Statements TRUE FALSE To initiate muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to, and change the shape of the troponin protein molecules which then pull the tropomyosin proteins off the myosin binding sites of the actin helix. An accumulation of lactic acid is the principal cause of sore muscles. During rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are attracted to a large protein molecule called myoglobin. Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP.arrow_forwardWhat is an example that illustrates the steps of muscle action assessment?arrow_forwardThe change related to muscle mobility are the most obvious in older adult. There can be measurable differences in muscle strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, elasticity, and flexibility of connective tissue. Regular exercise is necessary to prevent a decrease in muscle strength. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments more flexible, allowing for a more active lifestyle. Describe some activities you could recommend to an elderly patient to stay active to help them maintain muscle mass.arrow_forward
- Answer the question(s) below: The changes related to muscle mobility are the most obvious in older adult. There can be measurable differences in muscle strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, elasticity, and flexibility of connective tissue. Regular exercise is necessary to prevent a decrease in muscle strength. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments more flexible, allowing for a more active lifestyle. Please research and describe some activities you could recommend to an elderly patient to stay active to help them maintain muscle mass You may use Google Scholararrow_forwardWhat are the features of contraction of the muscle shown below? Copy and complete the table below. Speed of contraction Innervation/neural input Types of neurotransmitter receptors on the muscle Source of calcium Regulatory protein that binds calcium Descriptionarrow_forwardWhich of the following are aspects of the structure of skeletal muscle? Select all that apply. The muscle fibers are parallel to one another and have a striated appearance. They have more mitochondria than other types of muscle cells. Each fiber contains many units of contraction and protein filaments. Cells are branched or unbranched with single nuclei. It consists of cylindrical cells called muscle fibers that have multiple nuclei.arrow_forward
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