Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 32RQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The mode of action of the poison-curare.
Introduction: Curare is a South American Indian arrow poison. In an experiment, when curare is placed on a nerve-muscle preparation, the muscle does not contract when the nerve is stimulated. The contraction does not happen even when there is a release of neurotransmitter from the nerve.
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When curare, a neuromuscular poison, is dropped onto an isolated muscle-nerve preparation in a laboratory, the muscle does not contract when the nerve is stimulated, even though neurotransmitter is released from the nerve cell. Why does this happen? How might this action of curare be lethal to an individual who has been poisoned?
A chemical synapse is a type of synapse that occurs between two neurons and between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers (i.e. at a Neuromuscular junction, NMJ). Compare and contrast the specific events that occur at chemical synapses at these two sites. Describe clearly how they are similar and how they are different, starting at the arrival of a nerve impulse at the pre-synaptic neuron and ending up with the changes observed at the postsynaptic membranes.
Succinylcholine act as adepolarising agent that prevents repolarization of the somatic motor neuron. Thus, no further ACh is released until drug is cleared. Name another site within the MNJ we could target to prevent muscle contraction, and explain why this would work.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - Identify as many pairs of antagonistic muscle...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 12.1 - What are the three anatomical elements of a...Ch. 12.1 - What is the chemical signal at a neuromuscular...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 12.1 - Name an elastic fiber in the sarcomere that aids...
Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 11CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 12CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 13CCCh. 12.1 - According to the convention for naming enzymes,...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 15CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 16CCCh. 12.1 - Summation in muscle fibers means that the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 18CCCh. 12.1 - Which type of runner would you expect to have more...Ch. 12.1 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 21CCCh. 12.2 - One study found that many world-class athletes...Ch. 12.3 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 24CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 25CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 26CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 27CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 28CCCh. 12.3 - What happens to contraction if a smooth muscle is...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 30CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 31CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 32CCCh. 12.3 - How can a neuron alter the amount of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 34CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 35CCCh. 12 - The three types of muscle tissue found in the...Ch. 12 - Which two muscle types are striated?Ch. 12 - Which type of muscle tissue is controlled only by...Ch. 12 - Arrange the following skeletal muscle components...Ch. 12 - The modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RQCh. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - List six proteins that make up the myofibrils....Ch. 12 - List the letters used to label the elements of a...Ch. 12 - Briefly explain the functions of titin and...Ch. 12 - During contraction, the __________ band remains a...Ch. 12 - Explain the sliding filament theory of...Ch. 12 - Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and...Ch. 12 - Which neurotransmitter is released by somatic...Ch. 12 - What is the motor end plate, and what kinds of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RQCh. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - The basic unit of contraction in an intact...Ch. 12 - The two functional types of smooth muscle are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - Define muscle fatigue. Summarize factors that...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Prob. 26RQCh. 12 - Prob. 27RQCh. 12 - What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in...Ch. 12 - Compare and contrast: a. fast-twitch...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RQCh. 12 - One way that scientists study muscles is to put...Ch. 12 - Prob. 32RQCh. 12 - On the basis of what you have learned about muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 34RQCh. 12 - Prob. 35RQ
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- In the rare neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are produced which inhibit acetylcholine receptor (nicotinic receptor) activity. Explain how inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity at the neuromuscular junction will affect the sequence of events in muscular excitation and contraction in response to stimuli, and muscle function? (Mention the effects on all the significant events involved in excitation and contraction of muscles, and how it would affect muscle function).arrow_forwardThe subtractive technique that uses nerve stimulation at two points and subtracting the difference between the two recorded latencies (time from stimulation to muscle contraction) gives a more accurate estimate of motor conduction velocity than stimulating the nerve at one point and measuring the time it takes for the muscle to contract. Which of the following statements best describes the reason why the subtractive techniques is more accurate? The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by the electrical resistance of the recording electrodes, which adds to the recorded delay. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by synaptic transmission from the axon terminals to the muscle fibres. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the slower conduction speed of the small unmyelinated axon endings that slow down nerve conduction…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionarrow_forward
- 4) You set up an experiment using an isolated mouse muscle-nerve preparation.a. Draw the force traces (used to measure the force of contraction using a force transducer) you wouldexpect to get if you stimulated the nerve at 3 different lengths: 1) slack, 2) the normal length of the musclein the body, and 3) stretched past a length the muscle could ever experience in a mouse. If the force tracesare different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the length-tension relationship)b. Draw the nerve signals you would record from a Group Ia muscle spindle afferent at each of those 3lengths. If the 3 conditions are different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the function of the musclespindlearrow_forwardStrychnine blocks receptor sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter substances in the CNS. Explain how strychnine can produce tetanus inskeletal muscles.arrow_forwardA researcher is investigating the effects of a toxin, isolated from the skin of a South American tree frog. The researcher is exploring the effect of that toxin on synaptic transmission at the mammalian skeletal neuromuscular junction. Their previous studies established that the toxin had no direct effect upon skeletal muscle contractility, but it did block muscle contractility elicited indirectly via electrical stimulation of the motor nerve. To establish how the toxin influenced synaptic transmission, in vitro studies were performed using the mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm skeletal muscle preparation, bathed in a buffered saline solution containing a raised magnesium and lowered calcium concentration. Under these conditions intracellular recording determined the effect of the toxin on the amplitude (in mV) of miniature endplate potentials (mepps) and endplate potentials (epps) – see Table 1. Mean mepp amplitude Mean epp amplitude Control 0.5 mV 8 mV Toxin 0.5 mV 2 mV Table 1: Mean…arrow_forward
- Put the following events in chronological order. (Some of the steps may be missing.)1) Ca*+ floods into the pre-synaptic neuron.2) ch (Acetylcholine) binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma.3) Na+ floods into the post-synaptic muscle cell.4) The A.P arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal causing Ca+ channels to open.5) Ach from the synaptic vesicles spills into the pre-synaptic cleft.6) A post-synaptic action potential results in the muscle fiber (depolarizationarrow_forwardFor this question you may use either a neuron or a skeletal muscle fiber (but not both) to answer. In words and/or figures, describe how the binding of a neurontransmitter to its receptor eventually leads to a mechanical event (neurotransmitter release or skeletal muscle contraction). In other words, describe the steps involved in either muscle contraction or nerve conduction. Remember: You may either 1) type your answer here, 2) type in a separate file and upload the file here with or without additional images or 3) write your answer on a separate sheet of paper, scan or screenshot an image of your response and upload the file here.arrow_forwardExplain in detail Muscarinic receptors in regards to the hisamine agonist. How do they cause smooth muscle contraction. Provide mechanismarrow_forward
- In light of the “all or none” law of muscle contraction, how can you explain twitch recruitment (also called the graded response) when stimulating the muscle versus stimulating the nerve? Explain the difference in stimulation voltage required to elicit a maximum response when stimulating the nerve versus the muscle directly?arrow_forwardWhy is it important to remove acetylcholine from its binding to acetylcholine receptors once the neural stimulus ends? What can be the possible consequence of the non-removal of acetylcholine to the skeletal muscle fiber?arrow_forwardGiven what you have learned from the first experiment, you prepare the other leg for a fresh experiment. When you add acetylcholine to the preparation, the muscle contracts. You add curare, and again add acetylcholine to the preparation, and the muscle does not contract. Based on these data, and the data from the first experiment, this means curare is potentially acting on: Both the alpha motor neurons' ability to conduct action potentials, and the muscle's ability to conduct action potentials, but not on the neuromuscular junction. O Both the alpha motor neurons' ability to conduct action potentials, and the neuromuscular junction, but not the muscle's ability to conduct action potentials. O Both the neuromuscular junction and the muscle's ability to conduct action potentials, but not on the alpha motor neurons' ability to conduct action potentials. O It must only be affecting the muscle's ability to conduct action potentials. O It must only be affecting the neuromuscular junction. O…arrow_forward
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