Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The similarities and differences between skeletal and smooth muscles on the basis of their cellular anatomy.
Introduction: There are three different types of muscle cells found in the body namely smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and skeletal muscle cells. The skeletal muscles are under the voluntary control of the body and smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are under the involuntary control of the body.
b.
To determine: The similarities and differences between skeletal and smooth muscles on the basis of their neural and chemical control of contraction.
Introduction: The skeletal muscles are under the voluntary control of the body and smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are under the involuntary control of the body. The skeletal muscles are responsible for the locomotion and providing shape to the body. The smooth muscle cells line the internal organs such as esophagus bronchi, trachea, stomach as well as glands.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- All of the following characteristics apply to skeletal muscle except a. They are striated. b. They are multinucleated. c. They are voluntary. d. They contain intercalated discs. e. They are attached to the skeleton by means of tendons.arrow_forwardWhich of the following sentences is NOT correct? A. White fibers make up fast-twitch muscle B. Muscle spindle is a type of receptor that detects muscle length C. Exocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream D. When an action potential is generated within a motor neuron, every muscle cell of the motor unit is stimulated to contractarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? a. Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but rather, slide past each other. b. Actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide past each other. c. As they slide past each other, actin filaments shorten, but myosin filaments do not shorten. d. As they slide past each other, myosin filaments shorten, but actin filaments do not shorten.arrow_forward
- An increase in the cross sectional area of muscle is known as hypertrophy. Hypertrophy allows muscle to produce more force due primarily to: a.) Increased number of potential cross bridges that can be formed (i.e., actin-myosin interactions) b.) Increased number of T-Tubules c.) Increased ability to activate the muscle d.) Increased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulumarrow_forwardExplain the following two statements: Muscles can only actively contract; muscle fibers lengthen passively.arrow_forwardDistinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in terms of location and whether they have sarcomeres. Use the sliding filament model to draw how thin filaments, thick filaments, and Z lines move during muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of acetylcholine release, reception, or breakdown will influence muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, or calcium would influence muscle contraction. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Predict how changes in stress levels or situations would affect activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and blood pressure.arrow_forward
- Crossbridges that form during muscle contraction are a bond between: A. Myoglobin and Troponin B. Hemoglobin and Glycogen C. Actin and Myosin D. Toponin and Tropomyosinarrow_forwardSkeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that both types of muscle a. have cells that branch. b. contain intercalated discs. c. are under involuntary control. d. are striated.arrow_forwardWhen a muscle is fully stretched, which of the following statements is true (check all that apply). Select one or more: a. No tension can be generated. b. Both contractile and elastic forces generate tension. c. The actin and myosin filaments cannot interact. d. No developed or contractile tension can be generated. e. Passive or elastic forces generate tension.arrow_forward
- The size of a motor unit (i.e., the # of muscle fibers innervated) can directly influence which of the following? a.) Ability to finely increase or decrease force produced during a movement b.) Ability to produce force for long duration c.) Speed (velocity) of a movement d.) The arrangement of actin and myosin within the sarcomerearrow_forwardWhich of these is the proper sequence of these events of muscle contraction 1) Action potential propagating down into the T-tubule 2) Power stroke 3) Ca+2 is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4) The tropomyosin shifts out of the way thereby exposing the active sites of the actin Question 7 options: a) 1 à 3 à 4 à 2 b) 4 à 3 à 2 à 1 c) 1 à 4 à 2 à 3 d) 3 à 1 à 4 à 2arrow_forwardWith regard to muscle contraction, which of the following is an INCORRECT statement with regard to the interactions of filaments that occur in the sarcomere? A. When muscles are relaxed tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin subunits, which keeps cross-bridges from forming. B. The myosin heads conduct a power stroke motion to slide when bound to actin, to move the "thin" filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. C. During contraction, actin subunits are removed from the ends of the "thin" filaments to shorten actin polymers, thus reducing the length of the sarcomere. D. "Thick" filaments are anchored at the M-line, while "thin" filaments are anchored at the Z-line. E. Numerous myosin heads engage with the actin filaments simultaneously, such that there is no back-slipping during the contraction process.arrow_forward
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