Concept explainers
Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene determines the function of the protein that it encodes. The myostatin gene of Herefords and most other breeds of cattle has a
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Biology
- Protein is essential to the building block of muscles. Muscle protein synthesis is a naturally occurring process in which protein is produced to repair muscle damage caused by intense exercise. It is an opposing force to muscle protein breakdown (MPB) in which protein is lost as a result of exercise. (Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisuremagazines/muscle-protein-synthesis). For example, you are an athlete, and you want to maintain the strength and mass of your muscles. 1. How important is protein synthesis in your body?2. How are you going to boost the protein synthesis in your body? How are you going to boost the amount of essential amino acids and proteins in your body?arrow_forwardNeed help:. Why is wobble proposed to hasten TL elongation?arrow_forwardContraction in both skeletal and smooth muscles requires theinflux of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast thelocations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds inskeletal and smooth muscles, and explain the steps that lead tocross-bridge cycling in each type of muscle.arrow_forward
- 1Need help:. draw valine-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Show the tRNAs and the valine amino acid. You can use the one-letter code for valine (V) and do not have to draw the amino acid structure. Label the tRNA and amino acid binding sites on the enzyme. Explain the function of valine-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and explain why there are 20 related enzymes in every cell.arrow_forwardBamHI cut sequence: G//GATCC and each sequence is 250 nucleotides long. How many DNA segments would be created by cutting the normal gene with BamHI?arrow_forwardAnalyzing mRNA Sequences 1. Analyze the following amino acid sequence and write down a potential mRNA sequence from which this sequence might have been translated. Use the codon table in your book to determine a possible mRNA sequence. Amino Acid Sequence 1: H,N*-Methionine-Valine-Histidine-Leucine- Threonine-Proline-Glutamic Acid-Glutamic Acid- COO 2. (a) Consider Amino Acid Sequence 2. How is Amino Acid Sequence 2 different from Amino Acid Sequence 1? Amino Acid Sequence 2: H,N*-Methionine-Valine-Histidine-Leucine- Threonine-Proline-Valine-Glutamic Acid-CO (b) Write a potential mRNA sequence for Amino Acid sequence 2, using the same codons for any given amino acid if it is present in both sequences.arrow_forward
- Complete the protein synthesis for the partial DNA sequence for a normal FGFR3 gene (TOP) and mutated FGFR3 gene (BOTTOM). Remember, when filling in mRNA, use capital letters only. When filling in amino acids, use three letters, with the first letter capitalized. If you do not use this format, your answer may be marked wrong. DNA CCG TTC GGG GAA ССС MRNA Amino Acid DNA CCG TTC GGG GAA TCC MRNA Amino Acidarrow_forwardMutations/deficiencies in protein components of the ECM, CAMS, and cell junctions are involved in the expression of some human diseases. List and describe these pathologies in the table below. An example is given in the fırst row. Name of disease Symptoms Molecular Basis of Disease Severe vitamin C deficiency is caused by ascorbic acids' role in collagen synthesis. Vitamin C allows Anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous hydroxylation and crosslinking of pro-collagen bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially catalyzed by lysyl hydroxylase. Lack of vitamin C decreases transcription of pro-collagen. Additionally, a lack of ascorbic acid leads to epigenetic DNA hypermethylation and inhibits the transcription of various types of collagen found in skin, blood vessels, the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth Scurvy and tissue. 1 2 3 5 4.arrow_forwardOrder+the+following+of+protein+sentesis+sequence+from+earliest: (a)tRNA molecule bring specific amino acids to he mRNA molecule. b)mRNA nucleotides join with exposed DNA bases and form a molecule of mRNA.(c)The two stands of a DNA molecule separate. (d)Peptide bonds form between the amino acids. (e)the mRNA molecule leave the nucleus. (f) a ribosome attached to the mRNA molecule.arrow_forward
- THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS and of The following is the base sequence of DNA that codes for amino acids 506-510 of the protein that regulates the chlorine channels in the cell membrane. This protein contains a total of 1476 amino acids so this is a small part of the entire gene. DNA Template Strand: 3'TAGTAGAAACCACAA5' 1. What is the minimum number of DNA nucleotides in this whole gene? 2. What is the sequence of bases on the strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand? 3. What mRNA will be formed from the template strand of DNA? 4. What amino acids will this mRNA code for? 5. If the 6th, 7th and 8th bases in the template strand of the DNA are removed, rewrite the new template strand below. 6. When the template strand of the DNA is changed, this is referred to as a mutation. What kind of mutation is this? 65arrow_forwardInside of skeletal muscle cells are voltage-controlled calcium ion (Ca2+) gate proteins. These are integral for the contraction mechanisms of skeletal muscle. A picture of them is shown below. These are regulated by voltage, as indicated above. How would voltage serve to open or close these gates? Voltage is a component of hydrogen bonds, which is necessary to maintain the secondary structure of the protein; without voltage, the protein starts to chemically degrade. Voltage actually does not serve as the direct mechanism of opening or closing gated proteins. Changing the voltage changes whether the R groups are charged or not, which alters the actual primary structure of the protein Changing voltage changes the nature of the tertiary structure, causing the protein to change its shape to open or close.arrow_forwardAKS 5c1: Which of the following models BEST represents protein synthesis? * O MRNA (UAC AAA) - DNA (ATG TTT) Amino Acid Sequence (Lysine-Alanine) - Amino Acid Sequence (Methionine- DNA (TAC AAA) RNA (AUG UUU) Phenylalanine) RNA (AUG UUU) DNA (TAC Amino Acid Sequence (Methionine-Phenylalanine) AAA) DNA (AUG UUU) RNA (TAC AAA) Phenylalanine) - Amino Acid Sequence (Methionine- AKS 5c1: Using codon wheel below, which of the models correctly represents the usage of the base pairing rule, the correct sequence of events, and creation of proteins at the ribosomes? *arrow_forward
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