Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 12, Problem 2RA
Summary Introduction
To determine:
Role of series elastic component of muscle contraction.
Introduction:
Muscle contraction involves various factors such as calcium ion, troponin, and tropomyosin. Muscle contraction takes place in the following steps: Depolarisation and release of calcium ions, actin and myosin cross-bridge formation, sliding mechanism of actin filaments, and myosin and sarcomere shortening.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 12 - Describe the actions of muscles when they...Ch. 12 - Describe the different levels of muscle structure,...Ch. 12 - Define the terms motor unit and innervation ratio...Ch. 12 - Using the concept of recruitment, explain how...Ch. 12 - With reference to the sliding filament theory,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3bCPCh. 12 - Describe a cycle of cross-bridge activity during...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4bCPCh. 12 - Use a flowchart to show the sequence of events...Ch. 12 - Prob. 5bCP
Ch. 12 - Explain how graded contractions and smooth,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6bCPCh. 12 - Prob. 7aCPCh. 12 - Describe the relationship between the resting...Ch. 12 - Prob. 8CPCh. 12 - Prob. 9CPCh. 12 - Explain the different causes of muscle fatigue...Ch. 12 - Prob. 11CPCh. 12 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 12 - Describe all of the events that occur from the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13CPCh. 12 - Explain the significance of reciprocal innervation...Ch. 12 - Describe the functions of gamma motor neurons and...Ch. 12 - Explain how cardiac muscle differs from skeletal...Ch. 12 - Contrast the structure of a smooth muscle cell...Ch. 12 - Distinguish between single-unit and multiunit...Ch. 12 - Describe the events by which depolarization of a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 1RACh. 12 - Prob. 2RACh. 12 - Prob. 3RACh. 12 - Prob. 4RACh. 12 - Prob. 5RACh. 12 - Prob. 6RACh. 12 - Prob. 7RACh. 12 - Electrical excitation of a muscle fiber most...Ch. 12 - The energy for muscle contraction is most directly...Ch. 12 - Prob. 10RACh. 12 - Prob. 11RACh. 12 - Prob. 12RACh. 12 - Which of these types of muscle cells are not...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14RACh. 12 - In an isotonic muscle contraction,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RACh. 12 - Prob. 17RACh. 12 - Prob. 18RACh. 12 - Using the concept of motor units, explain how...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20RACh. 12 - Explain why the myosin heads don't bind to the...Ch. 12 - Using the sliding filament theory of contraction,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 23RACh. 12 - Prob. 24RACh. 12 - Prob. 25RACh. 12 - What changes occur in muscle metabolism as the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 27RACh. 12 - Compare cardiac muscle, single-unit smooth muscle,...Ch. 12 - Your friend eats huge helpings or pasta for two...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RACh. 12 - Prob. 31RACh. 12 - How is electrical excitation of a skeletal muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 33RACh. 12 - Prob. 34RACh. 12 - Prob. 35RACh. 12 - Prob. 36RACh. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...Ch. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 39RACh. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...
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- Which of the following is true? A. Muscle fibers either will contract with all the force possible under existing conditions or will not contract at all. B. Skeletal muscles can contract with varying degrees of strength given different circumstances. C. Muscle length does not have an effect on contractile strength. D. Metabolic condition of the myocyte does not have an effect on contractile strength.arrow_forwardA bacterial toxin is known to block the release of ACh at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle. Consequently, a. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing force. b. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing frequency. c. the ability to stimulate the muscle is impaired. d. other neurotransmitters would stimulate the muscle.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements relating to the factors affecting the force of muscle contraction is false? a. skeletal muscles contract strongest when the muscle fibers are 80-120% their resting length b. low frequency of stimulation generates decreased force c. larger muscle fibers can generate more tension to generate stronger contractions d. more motor units recruited causes stronger contractions e. none of the abovearrow_forward
- Which of the following statements best describes the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? a. Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but rather, slide past each other. b. Actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide past each other. c. As they slide past each other, actin filaments shorten, but myosin filaments do not shorten. d. As they slide past each other, myosin filaments shorten, but actin filaments do not shorten.arrow_forwardThe contractile response in skeletal muscle A. produces more work when the muscle contracts isometrically than the muscle contracts isotonically. B. does not last as long as the action potential. C. produces more tension when the muscle contracts isometrically than when the muscle contracts isotonically. D. starts after the action potential is over. E. decreases in magnitude with repeated stimulation.arrow_forwardMuscle cramps are fundamentally an issue at the tissue level of organization due to an imbalance in the amounts of epithelial and connective tissues. A. True B. Falsearrow_forward
- Compared with skeletal muscle, visceral smooth muscle a. has the same ability to be stretched. b. loses the ability to contract forcefully when stretched. C. maintains about the same tension, even when stretched. d. cannot maintain long, steady contractions. e. can accumulate a substantial oxygen deficitarrow_forwardMuscle responses are graded by either frequency or strength of stimuli. The force of contraction is precisely controlled by ______________ that brings more and more muscle fibers into action. a. wave summation b. complete tetanus c. recruitment d. all of the above e. none of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements relating to smooth muscle is true? a. single-unit smooth muscles contract rhythmically due to gap junctions b. multi-unit smooth muscles are arranged like skeletal muscle motor units c. visceral smooth muscles exhibit spontaneous action potentials d. multi-unit smooth muscles exhibit graded contractions in response to neural stimuli e. all of the abovearrow_forward
- Put the following skeletal muscle contraction events in the order that they occur: a. The myosin head swivels toward the center of the sarcomere. b. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. c. An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules. d. Myosin binds to actin, forming crossbridges. e. Myosin heads bind ATP molecules and release from actin. f. Tropomyosin molecules are moved off active sites on actin. g. ATPase splits ATP, providing the energy to reset the myosin head.arrow_forwardDuring muscle contraction, the I band a. hides the H zone. b. shortens or narrows. c. overlaps the Z line. d. always remains the same length.arrow_forwardif, in a laboratory, a skeletal muscle cell receives a single stimulus to contract, it produces a single muscle twitch. If we quickly fire another stimulus for the muscle to contract, prior to the muscle fully relaxing, then we have a condition of: A. seizure B. none of the above C. complete tetanus D. temporal summation E. relaxation The _________________ phase of the Sliding Filament Model of Contraction occurs when myosin and actin separate from one another. A. cocking of the myosin head B. cross bridge detachment C. cross bridge formation D. action potential E. calcium release During contraction, the bulk of calcium comes from the?arrow_forward
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