Concept explainers
True or False Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
(a) Sucrose is synthesized in the chloroplast stroma and exported from photosynthetic cells to provide energy and reduced carbon for nonphotosynthetic plant cells.
(b) Ninety percent of the solar energy collected by a photosystem complex is absorbed when photons strike a special pair of chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center of the complex.
(c) The energy requirement expressed as ATP consumed per molecule of carbon dioxide fixed is higher for a C3 plant than for a C4 plant.
(d) The ultimate electron donor for the photosynthetic generation of NADPH is always water.
(e) The enzyme rubisco is unusual in that, depending on conditions, it exhibits two different enzymatic activities.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- For most plants, two distinct photosystems (Photosystem I and Photosystem II) work together in series during photosynthesis. These photosystems are complexes of proteins and pigment molecules. Statement 1: Photosystem I has an absorption maximum of 680 nm, whereas Photosystem II has an absorption maximum of 700 nm. Statement 2: The special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center of photosystem I is designated as P700, whereas the special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center of photosystem II is designated as P680. Statement 1 is true. Statement 2 is false. Statement 1 is false. Statement 2 is true. Both statements are true. Both statements are false.arrow_forwardIt is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclicphotophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. Ineach of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase,decrease, or remain unchanged?(a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction ofnitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.)(b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensiveactive transport(c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathwayarrow_forwardWhat is the significance that the combined absorption spectra of chlorophylls a and b roughly match the action spectrum of photosynthesis? Wouldphotosynthesis be more efficient if their individual absorption spectra coincided exactly?arrow_forward
- For the following questions, choose one to discuss: chloroplast/photosynthesis State at the outset which one you will discuss. A) What role do proton gradients play in the process of photosynthesis proton gradients allow B) Where are proton gradients formed? Within what structures are they seen in chloroplasts How do the structures help them to maintain a gradient? C) Explain where and how the chloroplast or mitochondria uses passive transport and active transport to complete photosynthesis or cellular respiration.arrow_forward2.) A.) Explain how electron transfer leads to ATP biosynthesis in the light reactions of photosynthesis. You must give details about how electron flow builds a pH gradient and a description of the compartments in the chloroplast in relation to pH. Also, compare the ETC of the mitochondrion with the ETC of the light reactions for both the source and destination for electrons. B.) Would ATP biosynthesis happen if ionophores, which would create holes in the thylakoid membrane and allow uncontrolled passage of charged molecules such as protons between compartments, are provided to the chloroplast? Why or why not? C.) How would you modify Complex I of the electron transport chain to decrease ATP yield from Step 3 of β-oxidation? As part of this, you must explain why there is a difference in ATP yield between NADH and FADH 2 AND give a specific change to the ETC that would decrease ATP yield from Step 3arrow_forwardChemiosmosis occurs in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ADP from ATP. (a). Is the above statement true or false? (b) Give ONE reason for your answer in (a).arrow_forward
- Identify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox looparrow_forwardFor the chloroplast, the thylakoid membrane separates the thylakoid lumen from the stroma; the protons from the photosystems are transported, like with the mitochondrial inner membrane, against the gradient from the lumen to the stroma. However, the pH(lumen) – pH (stroma) is much larger, about 3.4. Calculate delta psi (the electric potential) for the thylakoid membrane, given that ∆G of proton transport is about the same as for the mitochondrion. Then comment on its permeability to ions, compared to the mitochondrial inner membrane’s permeability to ions.arrow_forward(g) The figure given below represents an experiment to demonstrate a particular aspect of photosynthesis. The alphabet 'A' represents a certain condition inside the flask. 2 КОН (i) What is the aim of the experiment ? (ii) Identify the special condition inside the flask. (iii) Name an alternative chemical that can be used instead of KOH. (iv) In what manner do the leaves 1 and 2 differ at the end of the starch test ?arrow_forward
- 2c. 2d. We know that most pigments are found in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells. Specifically WHERE is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast? Some PROKARYOTES are photosynthetic. Predict where the pigments might be located in these cells. Activity #3. Determining optimal wavelength of light used during spinach leaf photosynthesis Note: You'll need to read through this lab exercise and your textbook to answer these questions. Answer choices for questions #1-4 (Each answer can be used more than ADP ATP CO₂ Glucose H₂O Light NADP+ NADPH 0₂ 3. Which of the above are directly required by the light reactions? Hint: See the photosynthesis chapter in your textbook. 4. Which of the above are directly produced by the light reactions? 5. Which of the above are directly required by the Calvin cycle? 6. Which of the above are directly produced by the Calvin cycle? 11 7. (a) In our experiment, what will cause the leaf discs to float? (b) The greater the number of floating discs, the (greater…arrow_forwardWhat is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? Discuss why (1) Sunlight and water are required for photosynthesis, and (2) Which molecule is reduced, and which is oxidized. Describe in detail the structure and function of the electron transport chain. Discuss how the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle act synergistically to produce food for plants.arrow_forwardDescribe the structure of a single photosystem (either PSI or PSI) and explain the two energy transfer processes that occur during light absorption.arrow_forward