Where are proton gradients formed? Within what structures are they seen in chloroplasts How do the structures help them to maintain a gradient?

The establishment of the proton gradient is a very important part of photosynthesis. Briefly explain how the gradient is formed, where it occurs within the cell, and what is its role in photosynthesis.

How many water molecules have to be split as part of the light reactions to produce enough ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)? STROMA (low H+ concentration) Light THYLAKOID SPACE (high H+ concentration) STROMA (low H+ concentration) Photosystem II 4 H+ H₂O 1 1/2 0₂ +2 H+ Thylakoid membrane Cytochrome complex Light Pq 4 H+ Photosystem I Pc ATP synthase ADP + H+ Fd M ATP NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ NADPH To Calvin Cycle

Daniel Arnon and coworkers carried out experiments with intact, salt- washed chloroplasts to study photophosphorylation. When the chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of ADP +P, ATP was produced, but oxygen was not produced or nor consumed. ATP formation was not accom- panied by a measurable electron transport involving any external electron donor or acceptor. The overall reaction for this result is: ADP + P -", ATP When NADP+ was included in addition to the ADP + P, ilumination of the intact chloroplats again resulted in resulted in the photophosphorylation of ADP to ATP. In addition, the NADPpt was reduced to NADPH + H* and o, was produced. Moreover, the light-induced reduction of NADP* was greatly decreased if ADP + P; were ommitted. The equation for this reaction is: NADP* + H,0 + ADP + R -", NADPH + H + ATP + }02 Briefly describe the mechanism(s) of these two types of photophosphoryla- tion that explain all of these results.

Referring to the figure below(first picture) explain photosynthetic electron transport. Then compare the process outlined in the figure with figure 1(second picture), What are the similarities and differences?

Suppose we set up a system in a lab where plants are automatically injected with all the glucose they need to survive. What part of photosynthesis would the plants no longer need to perform? Group of answer choices a)ETC 1 b)the entire dark reaction c)the entire light reaction d)P700 e)all of it

Excited electrons (and hydrogen ions) in Photosystem 2 go through an electron transport system, but these electrons (and hydrogen ions) must be replaced in the pigments. How are these electrons (and hydrogen ions) replaced? In other words, what is the ultimate origin of these electrons (and hydrogen ions) and what is the important byproduct of the reaction that provides these electrons (and hydrogen ions)?

The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Explain the role of each of the products (left side of the arrow) and explain where the products (right side of the arrow) came from.

Transport across the inner membrane of chloroplasts depends on the proton gradient established during ATP synthesis, similar to mitochondria. Can someone explain why this statement is false?

1. A) For the schematic of a chloroplast shown in the image attached, match the major input and output molecules of photosynthesis to the letters shown.    Molecules: CO2, H2O, O2, sugar   A:   B:   C:   D:  B) In the image attached, the light reactions are shown to take place in the thylakoid. Where specifically do these reactions take place? C) Where does the Calvin cycle take place?