Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 1, Problem 2RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The genome of an organism and the difference between the viral and cellular microbial genome.
Introduction:
Microbes are microscopic organisms that cannot be seen with unaided eyes. They are present everywhere in the surroundings such as air, water, soil, and within the body. The living organisms contain different forms of
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Are viruses living? Why or why not?
Student J and K were arguing about viruses and bacteria. Student K said that it would be easy to tell viruses and bacteria apart by just growing them in a lab and looking at them under a microscope. Student J said there were major flaws in that idea. What are the flaws in Student K’s idea?
Viruses:
a. Describe the structure and composition of viruses. What are three reasons that they are different from cellular organisms?
b. Describe what a lysogenic bacteriophage is and how it is different from a lytic bacteriophage.
c. Describe what is similar and different about the lifecycle of a non-enveloped DNA animal virus compared to an enveloped animal retrovirus.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- What defines a virus' host range? Know the multiplication steps (in order) for a virus (both bacteriophage and animal viruses). What happens at each step? What is the major difference between the steps in animal viruses vs. bacteriophages? Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage infection. What are the different types of viral genomes possible? What are the differences between entry and exit for enveloped vs naked viruses? o i.e. fusion, endocytosis, budding or exocytosis, lysis/bursting/rupturing, Explain how viruses are cultured. Why would viruses need to be cultured? What is a latent viral infection? What are cytopathic effects (know examples). Know characteristics of viroids and prions. What are they? What kinds of diseases can they cause (know examples for prions) How can viral infections be treated? bparrow_forwardYou are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.arrow_forwardQ: Compare and contrast between DNA and RNA viruses: Feature DNA viruses RNA viruses Replication site (Cytoplasm / Nucleus) Oncogenicity (some / none) Congenital abnormalities (some / none) Genome size (Smaller / Larger) Segmented genome (some / none) Circular double stranded genome (some / none) Partially double stranded genome (some / none) Diploid genome (some / none) Ambisense genome (some / none) Genome stability (Stable / Unstable) Mutation rate (Low / High) Virion size (Smaller / Larger) Subviral agents (Virusoid, Viroid, Virophage) Virion RT (HIV, HBV, HTLV) Virion RdRp (most / none)arrow_forward
- The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as MRNA and be utilized by ribosomes without prior processing? O 1) retroviruses O 2) SSDNA viruses 3) -SSRNA viruses O 4) +SSRNA viruses 5) dsDNA virusesarrow_forwardWhy are viruses important?arrow_forwardAs a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forward
- Why Bacteria and their viruses are useful ?arrow_forwardWhile studying with a fellow classmate, you ask them for help determining the differences between viruses and cells. Your classmate tells you that viruses are different from cells because viruses cannot replicate autonomously. They also indicate that all viruses contain both DNA and RNA that is double stranded, have many enzymes, and are much smaller than cells. Lastly, they tell you that all viruses contain nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Provide three separate reasons why your classmate is incorrect in their comparison of viruses and cells. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT-FN-F10 (Mac). R T U f Paranranh Arial 100tarrow_forwardAssume you isolate a single stranded (+) RNA virus. When you examine the proteins in the virus, you find that it does NOT contain replicase enzymes within its capsid. Which of the following is true? This virus must have a gene that encodes replicase. This virus will not be able to enter a host cell. Its genome cannot be translated (the process of translation) by the host cell ribosomes. A DNA copy of the viral genome has to be made before viral genes are expressed. This virus must lack surface antigens.arrow_forward
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What Is A Virus ? ; Author: Peekaboo Kidz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY