Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 9CP
Explain how the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems can be antagonistic, cooperative, or complementary. Include specific examples of these different types of effects in your explanation.
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Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.
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Reserpine is a drug that can control high blood pressure by reducing the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters present in the synapse. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are examples of catecholamine neurotransmitters. One of the known side effects of reserpine is to cause the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement are gradually destroyed and the neurons can no longer produce dopamine to coordinate muscle movements.
Reserpine causes symptoms by
a. inhibiting the release of dopamine from the presynaptic neuron
b. blocking the dopamine receptor in the postsynaptic neuron
c. breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse
d. breaking down cholinesterase enzyme in the synapse
Chapter 9 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 9 - Describe the preganglionic and postganglionic...Ch. 9 - Compare the control of cardiac muscle and smooth...Ch. 9 - Describe the sympathetic pathway from the CNS to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4CPCh. 9 - Prob. 5CPCh. 9 - Prob. 6CPCh. 9 - Prob. 7CPCh. 9 - Prob. 8CPCh. 9 - Explain how the effects of the sympathetic and...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RA
Ch. 9 - Prob. 2RACh. 9 - Prob. 3RACh. 9 - Prob. 4RACh. 9 - Which of these fibers release norepinephrine? a....Ch. 9 - Prob. 6RACh. 9 - Prob. 7RACh. 9 - Prob. 8RACh. 9 - Prob. 9RACh. 9 - Prob. 10RACh. 9 - Prob. 11RACh. 9 - A drug that serves as an agonist for ai receptors...Ch. 9 - Prob. 13RACh. 9 - Prob. 14RACh. 9 - Compare the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16RACh. 9 - Prob. 17RACh. 9 - Prob. 18RACh. 9 - Prob. 19RACh. 9 - Prob. 20RACh. 9 - Prob. 21RACh. 9 - Prob. 22RACh. 9 - Prob. 23RACh. 9 - Prob. 24RACh. 9 - Prob. 25RACh. 9 - Prob. 26RACh. 9 - Prob. 27RACh. 9 - Prob. 28RACh. 9 - Prob. 29RACh. 9 - Prob. 30RACh. 9 - Refer to table 7.3 to obtain axon diameters and...
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- Describe the function of neurotransmitters and provide one or two examples: This part of the brain controls speech?arrow_forwardSynapses through interconnected neurons are known to be a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the other neurons. Enumerate and describe the classifications of synapses based on what you can research on online. Kindly include your reference.arrow_forwardLong-term stress and sleep deprivation is associated with memory loss and negative thoughts.Subjects in a research study were shown images after they received either a full night’s rest or limited rest. The subjects were shown negative, positive, and neutral images. The subjects with limited rest remembered most of the negative images but only half of the positive and neutral images.The structures of the brain affected by long-term stress and sleep deprivation are, respectively: Select one: a. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Frontal lobe b. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Parietal lobe c. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Occipital lobe d. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Parietal lobearrow_forward
- In simple terms, explain the transmission of nerve impulse at the synapse.arrow_forwardSerotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are a group of neurotransmitters collectively called monoamines. A lack of these monoamines has been linked to depression. Depression is treated with dru that prolong the effect of these neurotransmitters either by preventing the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters, or by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down these neurotransmitters. Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters'are true? The table lists the classifications of three antidepressants. Antidepressant Classification fluoxetine selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) phenelzine monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor amitriptyline tricyclic antidepressant Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) MAO inhibitors are examples of monoamine antagonists. EFluoxetine inhibits the enzyme that breaks down monoamines. ODopamine plays a role in feelings of pleasure and pain. DA deficiency of serotonin norepinephrine, and dopamine is associated with depression. Some drug…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning synapses is FALSE? O A) Modulation of synaptic strength can be presynaptic of postsynaptic B) High frequency stimulation in the presynaptic neuron often leads to DECREASED neurotransmitter release O C) Modulation of synaptic strength can either be short term, lasting seconds, or long term, lasting as long as a lifetime. D) Agonists are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters and antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters O E) Certain drugs prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapsearrow_forward
- Nervous system functions that directly employ acetylcholine neurotransmitters are referred to as cholinergic. Drugs that might be therapeutic in treating the symptoms of dopamine loss in Parkinson’s disease could include multiple choice 1 dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic agonists. dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic agonists. 2. From the information provided, drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease symptoms will act at which location? multiple choice 2 The globus pallidus The substantia nigra The striatum 3. Which of the following might be therapeutic in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms? multiple choice 3 all of these choices listed may be therapeutic increasing dopamine receptor responsiveness monoamine oxidase inhibition increasing dopamine release decreasing dopamine…arrow_forwardDiscuss why the sympathetic system is called the “fight-or-flight” system. Construct a table summarizing what occurs in each of the following body systems when the sympathetic system is stimulated. Explain why these responses occur. Body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, eyes, skin, gastrointestinal, urinary, and immune.arrow_forwardAccording to Squire, what brain areas receive the majority of amygdala outputs during an emotional event? a. The hippocampus subdivisions that controls reward-based responses b. The occipital cortex, the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus c. Cortical areas that process behaviorally relevant sensory perceptions d. Subcortical areas that control autonomic and motor responses e. The motor cortex, the cerebellum, and the thalamusarrow_forward
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…arrow_forwardName the types of autonomic synapse in terms of neurotransmitter used; are they excitoratory, inhibitory, or can be both? (such as Adrenergic, Muscarinic, and Nicotinic)arrow_forwardWhat is a post-synaptic potential and how is it caused? Describe the two types of post-synaptic potentials that can occur. Within this context, what does excitatory and inhibitory mean?arrow_forward
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