Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 8.6CC
You are studying the energetics of transport of the amino acid aspartic acid, whose side chain can exist in the nonionized neutral state (—COOH) or the ionized, negatively charged state (—COO–). To calculate the ΔG of transport into a cell, why would you need to know the ionization state of the side chain?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na-glucose symporter. Recall
that the Na* concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill"
transport of two Na* ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell.
If the Nat concentration outside the cell ([Na lout) is 141 mM and that inside the cell ([Na* lin) is 19.0 mM, and the cell
potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell.
Assume the temperature is 37 °C.
AGglac
9.63
Incorrect
kJ
mol
What is the maximum ratio of [glucose), to [glucose)out
that could theoretically be produced if the energy
coupling were 100% efficient?
O 2700
1.13
3.7 x 10-
7.90
In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Ci represents:
the extracellular concentration of potassium
the extracellular concentration of sodium
the membrane potential (in millivolts)
the intracellular concentration of calcium
the intracellular concentration of potassium
Which of the following ions must be kept to very low concentrations within the cell cytoplasm in order to allow for enough substrate molecules to synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids?
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Ca2+ (calcium)
PO43- (phosphate)
Na+ (sodium)
K+ (potassium)
Consider the binding reaction L + R → LR, where L is a ligand and R is its receptor. When 1 × 10−3 M of L is added to a solution containing 5 × 10−2 M of R, 90 percent of the L binds to form LR. What is the Keq of this reaction? How will the Keq be affected by the addition of a protein that facilitates (catalyzes) this binding reaction? What is the dissociation equilibrium constant Kd?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 8 - What is the difference between the concentration...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.2CCCh. 8 - A researcher is studying a fern that is shown to...Ch. 8 - How are carrier proteins and channel proteins...Ch. 8 - How would you determine whether a specific...Ch. 8 - Both the Na+/glucose symporter and the Na+/K+ pump...Ch. 8 - You are studying the energetics of transport of...Ch. 8 - True or False? Indicate whether each of the...Ch. 8 - Telling Them Apart. From the following list of...Ch. 8 - Mechanisms of Transport. For each of the following...
Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.4PSCh. 8 - Prob. 8.5PSCh. 8 - Prob. 8.6PSCh. 8 - QUANTITATIVE Sodium Ion Transport. A marine...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.8PSCh. 8 - Prob. 8.9PSCh. 8 - QUANTITATIVE The Calcium Pump of the Sarcoplasmic...Ch. 8 - Inverted Vesicles. An important advance in...Ch. 8 - Ouabain Inhibition. Ouabain is a specific...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na+– glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 163 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is −54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C.arrow_forwardConsider a uniport system where a carrier protein transports an uncharged substance A across a cell membrane. Suppose that at a certain ratio of [A]inside to [A]outside, the AG for the transport of substance A from outside the cell to the inside, Aoutside → Ainside, is -12.1 kJ/mol at 25°C. What is the ratio of the concentration of substance A inside the cell to the concentration outside? [A]inside [A]outside || 656275.63 Incorrect Choose the true statement about the transport of A under the conditions described. Increasing [A]outside will cause AG for movement of Aoutside to Ainside to become a smaller negative number. Decreasing the concentration of the uniport protein in the membrane will cause AG to become a larger negative number.arrow_forwardIntestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Nat-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 155 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+ lin) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AGgluc = kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose] in to [glucose]out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? O 2700 7.89 O 1.14 3.7 x 10-4arrow_forward
- The transport system of lactose in E.coli is shown below: Lactose transporter H+ H+ Lactose (outside) H+ H+ H+ H+ Proton pump H* + ++ Lactose (inside) ADP + P, H* H+ ATP H* A) For each of the following statements determine if they are true (T) or false (F). • The primary active transport of H" via proton pump, establishes a proton gradient across the membrane. 1 Select ) • The intracellular pH is lower than the extracellular pH. [Select] - Lactose transporter is an example of antiport. Select] Transport of lactose against its concentration gradient is entirely dependent on inflow of H" down their electrochemical gradient. ISelect] B) What would happen with the transport of Lactose if an antimicrobial agent triclosan is added? Triclosan is a proton onophore. I Select]arrow_forwardThe transport of aspirin (pKa = 3.5, structure shown here) from the digestive tract to the circulation occurs by nonmediated absorption into cells lining the stomach (where pH = 0.8) and the small intestine (where pH 6.0). Do you expect absorption to be faster in the stomach or in the small intestine?arrow_forwardConsider a uniport system where a carrier protein transports an uncharged substance A across a cell membrane. Suppose that at a certain ratio of [A]inside to [A]outside, the AG for the transport of substance A from outside the cell to the inside, Aoutside → Ainside, is -11.3 kJ/mol at 25°C. What is the ratio of the concentration of substance A inside the cell to the concentration outside? [A]inside [A]outside = Choose the true statement about the transport of A under the conditions described. Increasing [A]outside will cause AG for movement of Aoutside to Ainside to become a smaller negative number. Decreasing the concentration of the uniport protein in the membrane will cause AG to become a larger negative number. Movement of Aoutside to Ainside will be spontaneous. Because AG is negative, the ratio [A]inside/[A]outside must be greater than one.arrow_forward
- Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na*-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na* lout) is 147 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 17.0 mM, and the cell potential is -54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AG gluc kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose]in to [glucose] out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? 1.13 2.3 × 10-4 8.36 4300arrow_forwardOne thousand Ca2+ channels open in the plasma membrane of a cell that is 1000 μm3 in size and has a cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of 100 nM. for how long would the channels need to stay open in order for the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration to rise to 5 μm? There is virtually unlimited Ca2+ available in the outside medium (the extracellular Ca2+ concentration in which most animal cells live is a few millimolar), and each channel passes 106 Ca2+ ions per second.arrow_forwardCalculate the energy cost (free-energy change) of pumping Ca2+ from thecytosol, where its concentration is about 1.0 × 10−7 M, to the extracellularfluid, where its concentration is about 1.0 mM. Assume a temperature of 37°C (body temperature in a mammal) and a standard transmembrane potentialof 50 mV (inside negative) for the plasma membrane.arrow_forward
- ATP + H20 → ADP + Pi AG = -30.5kJ/mol 3Na* (inside) + 2K* (outside) + ATP* + H20 → 3Na* (outside) + 2K* (inside) + ADP3 + Pi2 + H* Calculate the minimum pH difference across a membrane that could, theoretically at least, support he fromation of 1.0 mM ATP from Pi and 1.0 mM ADP at pH 7 at 25 degrees.arrow_forwardMany types of cells are able to use membrane-spanning transport proteins and a source of energy to drive the active transport of glucose across the cell membrane. Leť's consider a specific protein that is able to transport (from outside the cell into the cytoplasm) one molecule of glucose for each molecule of ATP the protein hydrolyzes. The details of this process are not important for this problem except that you can treat it like equilibrium process. The overall reaction and the associated AG at 298 K for this process are given below. Glc(out) + ATP + H20 = Glc(in) + ADP + P at T = 298 K, AG = -31.3 kJ mol-1 Additional Information: • P. is "inorganic phosphate" (i.e. PO4²- & related species). At equilibrium, [P] = 3 x 10-3 M. • The cell maintains a ratio of ATP to ADP of about 20 (i.e. [ATP]/[ADP] = 20). • The maximum ratio of [Glc(in)] to [Glc(out)] occurs when the system is at equilibrium. a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for this process. b) Your expression for…arrow_forwardSuppose the concentration of glucose inside a cell is 0.1 mM and the cell is suspended in a glucose solution of 0.01 mM. (a) What would be the free energy change involved in transporting 10-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell? Assume T = 37 °C. (b) What would be the free energy change involved in transporting 10-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell if the intracel- lular and extracellular concentrations were 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively? (c) If the processes described in parts (a) and (b) were coupled to ATP hydrolysis, how many moles of ATP would have to be hydrolyzed in order to make each process favorable? (Use the standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis.)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
The Cell Membrane; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsffT7XIXbA;License: Standard youtube license