Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid . Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes. General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as, Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt. Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

What are the products of hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base?

Draw the all the reactants and products involved in a condensation reaction between propanoic acid and ethanamine. Make sure to include the catalyst needed and any secondary products that would form.

Compare and contrast acid hydrolysis and base hydrolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.148EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic products that are obtained when the given amide undergoes basic hydrolysis has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structure of organic product that is obtained in the given hydrolysis reaction of given amide has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acid. Amides are not much reactive as of carboxylic acids. They are also stable relatively in aqueous solution. But under strenuous conditions amides undergo hydrolysis. The conditions are presence of acid, base or enzymes.

General scheme of hydrolysis of an amide can be given as,

Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid and amine salt. Amine salt is obtained because in acidic conditions the amine is converted into amine salt.

Basic hydrolysis of amides gives the product as carboxylic acid salt and amine. Carboxylic acid salt is obtained because in basic conditions the carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylic acid salt.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 17

Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 4QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the structure of organic products obtained when the given amide undergoes acidic hydrolysis.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 6 Solutions