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The article “Valuing Watershed Quality Improvements Using Conjoint Analysis” (S. Farber and B. Griner, Ecological Economics, 2000:63–76) presents the results of a mail survey designed to assess opinions on the value of improvement efforts in an acid-mine degraded watershed in Western Pennsylvania. Of the 510 respondents to the survey, 347 were male. Census data show that 48% of the target population is male. Can you conclude that the survey method employed in this study tends to oversample males? Explain.
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- 4. Identify the independent/subject variable and dependent/outcome variables for each of these types of research studies. Provide one operational definition for each. There can be more than one correct answer for the operational definitions, so write whichever one(s) you think make sense. a. A clinical psychologist wants to know whether a history of early childhood abuse is related to later vulnerability to depression. Independent/Subject Variable: Operational definition for Independent/Subject variable: Dependent/Outcome Variable: Operational definition for Dependent/Outcome variable: b. An educational psychologist is studying the effectiveness of a special program for teen parents. The program provides education and support related to parenting skills and career goals. He wants to know whether participants’ school performance will improve. Independent/Subject Variable: Operational definition for Independent/Subject variable: Dependent Variables: Operational definition for…arrow_forward2.30 Gross domestic product. The Economy is an annual publication by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (https://www.gov.nl.ca/) on the region's eco- nomic performance. From data provided by Statistics Canada Department of Finance, The Economy 2020 reported the estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (in $ millions) in 2018 for the following 12 indus- tries: the services producing sector, wholesale trade, retail trade, transportation and warehousing, finance, insurance, real estate & business support services, pro- fessional, scientific, & technical services, educational services, health care & social assistance, information, culture & recreation, accommodation & food services, public administration, and other services. The data is listed in the accompanying table. In this data, GDP is expressed at basic prices, measuring payments made to the owners of factor inputs in production. This differs from GDP at market prices. The difference is attribut- able to taxes less subsidies…arrow_forwardc.1. Which of the following health outcomes could be studied using a cross-sectional study design? Choose all that apply and explain you answer. | a) The prevalence of diabetes among adults in the Philippines in 2014 b) The prevalence of diabetes among all patients seen at a particular health clinic on one day in 2014 c) The number of new cases of diabetes diagnosed among at risk adults in the Philippines in 2014 d) The number of people in a population with diabetes who are obese and the number of people in a population with diabetes who are not obese, in the Philippines in 2014arrow_forward
- 4. PC World rated four component characteristics for 10 ultraportable laptop computers: features; performance; design; and price. Each characteristic was rated using a 0-100 point scale. An overall rating, referred to as the PCW World Rating, was then developed for each laptop. The following tables show regression output examing relationships between the performance rating, features rating, and the PCW World Rating for the 10 laptop computers (PC World website, February 5, 2009). Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.743236929 R Square 0.552401133 Adjusted R Square 0.496451275 Standard Error 2.59221488 Observations 10 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 66.34338 66.34338 9.873146…arrow_forward2. In the article “Case Adaptation Method of CaseBased Reasoning for Construction Cost Estimation in Korea” (J. Constr. Engr. Mgmt., 2012: 43–52) provided data on military barrack projects undertaken by the Korean Ministry of National Defense from 2004 to 2008. Two variables of interest were the floor area of a barrack and the corresponding cost (in $US). The corresponding data is given in the attached image: a. Construct stem and leaf displays of both floor area and cost. Explain it.b. Do the values of cost appear to be perfectly linearly related to the floor area values? c. Construct a scatterplot of the data. Does it appear that cost could be accurately predicted by the value of floor area? Explain reasoning.arrow_forwardSuppose researchers conduct an analysis addressing the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in a group of employees at a work site with high exposures to asbestos. The following 2x2 tables address the relationship between lung the exposure and outcomes. Lung Cancer No Lung Cancer Total Current Smoker 218 40 258 Non-Smoker 293 395 688 Total 511 435 946 A) Calculate the relative risk measure for lung cancer based on exposure status. B) The researchers have found a consistent error in their questionnaire that misclassified 25% of irregular smokers as nonsmokers in the non-diseased group only. Create a new 2x2 table and calculate another relative risk for the outcome. C) Describe the difference between your two relative risk measures calculated in parts A and B.arrow_forward
- A recent study randomly selected women from various countries around the world and collected information about diet and health. The women who at a Paleo diet had lower rates of Osteoporosis when compared to the other women in the study. A. Which is the explanatory variable and why. B. Which is the response variable and why. C. Write a conclusion appropriate for this type of study that describes the relationship between the explanatory and response variables.arrow_forwardIs gender independent of education level ? A random sample of 395 people were surveyed and each person was asked to report the highest education level they obtained .The data that resulted from the survey is summarized in the following table: High School Bachelors Masters PhD. Female 60 54 46 41 Male 40 44 53 57 Question: Are gender and education level dependent at 5percent level of significance ? In other words given the data collected above is there a relationship between the gender of an individual and the level of education that they have obtained ?arrow_forwardA researcher determines that 8% of the males enrolled in Introductory Psychology have some form of color blindness, compared to only 2% of the females. Is there a significant relationship between color blindness and gender?arrow_forward
- It is desired to investigate whether there is a relationship between gender and occupational groups. Which method is appropriate for this research? Please explain with reason.arrow_forwardThe authors state, “Our study has certain limitations. First, due to the cross-sectional nature of our study, causality cannot be inferred.” Explain what this statement means and why it is an issue.arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillBig Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt