(a)
To explain: The direction in which the equilibrium lies and the value of equilibrium constant at 25oC
Introduction: Equilibrium is attained in a reaction when the rate at which the products are formed becomes equal to the rate at which the reactants are being consumed. One can change the direction of the reaction by changing the conditions around the reaction. Change in pressure or in temperature can make the reaction move in forward or backward direction.
(b)
To determine: The direction in which the reaction proceeds in standard conditions and the value of
Introduction: Equilibrium is attained in a reaction when the rate at which the products are formed becomes equal to the rate at which the reactants are being consumed. One can change the direction of the reaction by changing the conditions around the reaction. Change in pressure or in temperature can make the reaction move in forward or backward direction.
(c)
To determine: The value for
Introduction: Equilibrium is attained in a reaction when the rate at which the products are formed becomes equal to the rate at which the reactants are being consumed. One can change the direction of the reaction by changing the conditions around the reaction. Change in pressure or in temperature can make the reaction move in forward or backward direction.
(d)
To determine: The ratio of G3P to DHAP to ensure that the reaction is exergonic by at least -3.0 kacal/mol at 25oC.
Introduction: Equilibrium is attained in a reaction when the rate at which the products are formed becomes equal to the rate at which the reactants are being consumed. One can change the direction of the reaction by changing the conditions around the reaction. Change in pressure or in temperature can make the reaction move in forward or backward direction
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Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- . It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to non- cyclic photophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. In each of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? (a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction of nitrite (NO, ) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.) (b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensive active transport (c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C, pathwayarrow_forwardCan you please pick the right answer in each parentheses? NADH and NADPH provide important reducing and bond building capabilities. NADPH production occurs in ["pentose phosphate pathway", "glycolysis"] and ["photosynthesis", "fatty acid breakdown"] and provides important biosynthetic capabilities, including ["reduction steps of the Calvin cycle", "steps in gluconeogenesis"]. NADPH also serves an important role in red blood cells, reducing ["glutathione dimers to monomers", "flavin adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)"] so that is can eliminate reactive molecules, such as ["hydrogen peroxide", "H+, hydrogen ion"] from damaging cellular components.arrow_forwardConsider 41 NADH and 19 FADH2 molecules funneling electrons into the electron transport chain coupled to oxldative phosphorylation 1. The total number of protons (H") pumped during the oxidation of 41 NADH molecules is 2. The total number of protons (H) pumped during the oxidation of 19 FADH, molecules is 3. The number of ATP molecules produced from the oxidation of 41 NADH molecules is 4. The number of ATP molecules produced from the oxidation of 19 FADH, molecules is 5. The net ATP yield from the oxidation of 41 NADH and 19 FADH, molecules isarrow_forward
- Photorespiration is a multienzyme bypass of the Calvin cycle's CO2 fixation process in plants and all other oxygenic phototrophs. This bypass removes and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate, a damaging by- product of photosynthesis in the presence of 02, which is formed when 02 substitutes CO2 in the CO2 fixation pathway. Discuss the situation of fixing 02 (oxygen) rather than CO2 (carbon dioxide) in plants.arrow_forwardWhich of the following scenarios does not occur during the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle? Hide answer choices Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the addition of two electrons from NADPH. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into Ribulose bisphosphate. Some of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are used in carbohydrate production.arrow_forwardUse your knowledge of fat metabolism. glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and axidative phosphorylation to determine how many molecules of ATP eauvalents are produced when glycerol undergoes biochemical combustion. Assume that each molecule of NADH produces 2.5 ATP and that each molecule of FADH2 produces 1.5 molecules of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Note that GTP is an ATp "equivalent." OA 14.5 OB. 17 OC. 19.5 OD. 20.5arrow_forward
- In regard to photosynthesis. Electron flow of the light reactions is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Do you agree with this statement?arrow_forward24. Backward. In what way is the electron transfer in ferridoxin- NADP reductase similar to that of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?arrow_forwardtrue or false During the carboxylation phase of the Calvin cycle, CO2 combines with ribulose 1,5 - bisphosphate and the final product of the Calvin cycle is G3P. Plastoquinone is involved in the electron chain transport system in the mitochondria In eukaryotic cell particularly in the nucleus, one CAN NOT find microtubulesarrow_forward
- Correctly identify the process, product, or requirement at each indicated step in the Calvin cycle diagram. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Reducing power input Removal of 6 C for biosynthesis Various sugar rearrangements Regeneration of CO₂ acceptor and energy input Carboxylation Energy input 6 CÔ, 6 ATP 6 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (30 carbons) RubisCO 6 Ribulose Phosphoribulokinase 123-Phospho- glycerate (36 carbons) 5-phosphate (30 carbons) 10 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (30 carbons) Overall stoichiometry: 6 CO₂ + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP- +12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 17 P 12 ATP 121,3-Bisphospho- glycerate (36 carbons) 12 NAD(P)H 12 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (36 carbons) Fructose 6-phosphate (6 carbons) To biosynthesis Reset Help C₂H₁₂O(PO₂H₂)arrow_forwardOxidative phosphorylation photosynthesis Krebs cycle glycolysis Match the term or terms to the description that best describes it. Yields pyruvate for use in the Krebs [Choose ] cycle Involves succinate, citrate, and [Choose] fumarate Requires cytochromes for electron [ Choose] transport Requires energy from light to take place [Choose] Ends with acceptance of electrons by [ Choose ] oxygen atoms Results in the formation of glucose [ [ Choose ] Uses chlorophyll as the pigment in the [ Choose] cyanobacteria Results in the formation of water [ Choose ]arrow_forwardP12.1: The enzyme ribulose-5-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.6), which is active in both the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway, catalyzes an aldehyde-to-ketone isomerization between two five-carbon sugars. a. Draw a mechanism for this step. ОН OH ОН OH ОН OH OP OP ribulose 5-phosphate ribose 5-phosphatearrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning