(a)
To determine: The reaction for the phosphorylation of glucose by the transfer of phosphate group from ATP, along with
Introduction: In a system, multiple
(b)
To determine: The reaction for the transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to generate creatine and ATP, and
Introduction: In a system, multiple chemical reactions can take place at same time. Each of the proceeding reactions has their own thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, free energy and others. If these reactions take place in a sequential manner and are a part of a bigger chemical process, then the total free energy for the complete system can be calculated using the free energies of the individual reactions.
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Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition, Part 1 (worksheet for laboratory exercise 5) Suppose that you have isolated the enzyme sucrase (able to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose), and you wish to determine the nature of inhibitor A for this enzyme. You have prepared five different concentrations of substrate (sucrose), and five different concentrations of inhibitor A (plus the control, with zero mM of inhibitor A). The following Table lists the inhibitor A concentrations [I], substrate concentrations [S], and resulting enzyme velocities (V.) for all six of these experiments: 1/ V. (1) 0 mM O mM 0 mM 0 mM 0 mM [S] 0.1 mM 0.2 mM Vo 0.3333 0.50 1/[S] 33333 mM per minute 0.3 mM 0.4 mM 0.5 mM 0.60 0.666666666667 0.714285714286 0.1 mM 0.1 mM 0.20 0.2 mM 0.3 mM 0.1 mM 0.333333333333 0.428571428571 0.50 0.1 mM 0.1 mM 0.4 mM 0.5 mM 0.1 mM 0.1 mM 0.555555555556 0.20 mM 0.20 mM 0.20 mM 0.20 mM 0.20 mM 0.3 mM 0.142857142857 0.25 0.2 mM 0.3 mM 0.333333333333 0.40 0.454545454545 0.111111111111…arrow_forward. Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionarrow_forwardSelect all that apply. What is true about the conformational aspects of coupling? O The proton gradient is involved in the release of bound ATP from the synthase as a result of conformational change. O The conformational states interconvert as a result of proton flux through the synthase. There are two sites for substrate on the synthase and two possible conformational states: open (0) and tight-binding (T). Dinitrophenol binds to and inhibits ATP synthase conformational changes, thus inhibiting ATP synthesis. The Fo portion of ATP synthase acts as a rotary motor.arrow_forward
- not true about the Michaelis-Menten equation? The equation that gives the rate, v, of an the substrate concentration [S] is the Michaelis-Menten equation = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]), where V, enzyme-catalyzed reaction for all values of max and Km are constants. Which of the following is a) for [S] << Km, V = Vmax applies to most enzymes, but allosteric enzymes have different kinetics when [S] = Km, then v = Vmax/2 gives the rate when the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength are constant for very high values of [S], v approaches Vmax e) Which is correct about the constant Km in the Michaelis-Menten equation? also called the catalytic constant or turnover number equal to the number of product molecules produced per unit time when the enzyme is saturated with substrate it is the constant in the first order rate equation v = k[A] it is the constant in the second order rate equation v = equal to the substrate concentration at which the velocity or rate of a reaction is ½ the…arrow_forwardA. Enzyme Kinetics Two compounds were being investigated by Al Cohol, a student researcher in Biochemistry, for their inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase (XO). The inhibition of this enzyme is critical in the treating gouty arthritis. He uses xanthine (Xan) as substrate. He investigated two inhibitors namely kaempferol (Kmp) and chlorogenic acid (Cha). The data that he was able to acquire is given in Table 1 below. Table 1. Enzyme Kinetic Data Velocity, mM/s [S], mM Хan Kmp Cha 0.492 0.0678 0.0351 0.0615 0.211 0.0531 0.0261 0.0451 0.087 0.0298 0.0157 0.0211 0.048 0.0195 0.0091 0.0142 0.029 0.0127 0.0067 0.0081 A. Construct the Lineweaver-Burke plot for each reaction system in one graph using MS Excel. Copy and paste your graph with complete regression analysis.arrow_forwardQuantum tunneling appears to play a significant role in the facilitation of efficient enzyme catalysis in reactions involving the transfer of protons and hydride ions. Provide an energy diagram for a hypothetical reaction in the presence and absence of an enzyme that illustrates the tunneling process.arrow_forward
- Chemical labeling of chymotrypsin by the compound tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) modifies the His 57 in the enzyme's active site. The structure of this derivative is shown below. TPCK inactivates the enzyme because the bulky addition prevents it from cleaving nearby covalent bonds. HCI + CH, C-O Chymotrypsin-His 57 TPCK Modified enzyme True O Falsearrow_forwardSynthetic stoichiometries. What is the stoichiometry of the synthesis of... (a) ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6- phosphate without the concomitant generation of NADPH? (b) NADPH from glucose 6-phosphate without the concomitant formation of pentose sugars?arrow_forwardCrohn’s disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have been tested asa means to prevent relapse of Crohn’s disease. Two large,randomized, placebo-controlled studies have shown nosuch benefit from omega-3 fatty acids. Suppose you areasked to design an experiment to further study this claim.Imagine that you have collected data on Crohn’s relapsesin subjects who have used these omega-3 fatty acids and similar subjects who have not used them and that you canmeasure incidences of relapse for these subjects. Statethe null and alternative hypotheses you would use in yourstudy.arrow_forward
- disease. As such, a frontline treatment for Type 2 diabetes is the drug metformin, which acts indirectly to inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver. You are a research biochemist who would like to develop new drugs that act to directly inhibit gluconeogenesis. You have just gained access to a library of thousands of small molecules of unknown activity, and you would like to identify lead compounds that have specific inhibitory activity against steps in the gluconeogenesis pathway. (a) into PEP in order to screen for inhibitors of enzymes specific to gluconeogenesis. Which enzymes do you need to purify, what cofactors and allosteric effectors do they require, and which reactants do you need to add to reconstitute the reactions for the first bypass? Which intermediates and products are generated? Your first approach is to reconstitute the initial set of bypass reactions that convert pyruvate (b) vitro reconstitution? What additional steps and enzymes are required in liver cells but are…arrow_forwardQuestion #1: Choanoflagelletes are a unicellular ancestor to animals. One observation to support this hypothesis is the appearance of adhesion molecules that are key to the development of multiceullarity. Bulk transport Gap junctions Animals. Adhesion, cell signaling Single-celled :} Insects, mammals, and other animals with bilateral symmetry (~10,000,000) Jellyfish and their relatives (10,000) } Sponges (10,000) Choanoflagellates (150) Despite their simple unicellular lifestyle they express adhesion molecules including cadherins and lectins (King et al., 2003) but don't seem to have molecules that are typically found in the extracellular matrix such as integrins or laminins (Williams et al., 2014). Design a microscopy experiment to test the assertion that choanoflagellates have (some) adhesion molecules and those molecules play a similar role in a closely related animal like sponges.arrow_forwardRequired partner. Aminotransferases require which of the following cofactors: a. NAD+/NADP+NAD+/NADP+ b. Pyridoxal phosphate c. Thiamine pyrophosphate d. Biopterinarrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning