Concept explainers
To name:
The pathways diagrammed in parts (a), (b), and (c) of the given figure.
Introduction:
Cellular mechanisms involved in many reactions in which the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another take place by means of
Explanation of Solution
- The given diagram is the Calvin-Benson cycle. In this cycle, three molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed and one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is produced. After that, it leaves the cycle is shown in the below diagram.
- The given b diagram resembles the Glycolysis pathway. In this pathway, the oxidation of glucose yields two molecules of pyruvic acid as its end product.
- The below-given diagram is the Kreb’s cycle. Here, the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one carbon dioxide molecule and one acetyl group.
To review:
The anabolic and catabolic mechanisms in the given pathways.
Introduction:
The cellular mechanism of all living organisms requires the energy for its
Explanation of Solution
Glycolysis and the Citric acid cycle are the major pathways for anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of all organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Glycerol is catabolized as Dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the Glycolysis pathway (a) and fatty acids are catabolized as acetyl CoA int he TCA cycle (b).
Glutamic acid is catabolized in the Krebs cycle (c). Glutamic acid is an amino acid which is catabolized by Kreb’s cycle at α-ketoglutaric acid which is formed from isocitric acid.
In the Calvin-Benson cycle, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the end product, which enters into glycolysis. In glycolysis, the glucose is oxidized into pyruvate which is decarboxylated to acetyl group and entered into the Kreb’s cycle.
The Calvin cycle requires 18 molecules of ATP between glucose and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate.
Three molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) is released in the Kreb’s cycle,
- Between pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
- Between isocitric acid to α-ketoglutarate (TCA cycle).
- Between α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA.
The long chain hydrocarbon like such as acetyl group is catabolized in the TCA cycle at acetyl CoA. This acetyl group like hydrocarbons are catabolized by beta-oxidation which enters into the Kreb’s cycle.
The production of NADH, FADH2 or NADH in glycolysis, Calvin-Benson and TCA cycles are,
The anabolic and catabolic pathways are integrated between,
- In glycolysis, the anabolic and catabolic pathways integrated into dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
- In the TCA cycle, the anabolic and catabolic pathways integrated into acetyl, oxaloacetic acid and ketoglutaric acid.
Utilizes | Produces | |
Glycolysis | 2 NADH | |
Calvin-Benson cycle | 6 NADPH | |
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA | 1 NADH | |
Isocitrate to α-ketoglutaric acid | 1 NADH | |
α-keto-glutaric to succinyl CoA | 1 NADH | |
Succinate to fumarate | 1 FADH2 | |
Malate to oxalate | 1 NADH |
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
- Below is a list of steps that occur after an exercising muscle cell begins degrading amino acids for ATP production. For each step, choose (A) if the process occurs in the muscle cell and (B) if the process occurs in the liver. It will be easiest to answer this question if you first put the steps in order, then decide in which organ they occur. ______ Alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Branched chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Glutamate is deaminated.______ Glutamate is transaminated with pyruvate.______ Ketoacid skeletons resulting from branch chain amino acids enter the CAC.______ Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis.______ Urea is formed from the nitrogen removed from the original branched chain amino acid.arrow_forwardGiven the statement on the image, which is/are true about fatty acid activation before beta oxidation?arrow_forwardName the anabolic pathway that synthesizes fatty acids.arrow_forward
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- Margarine is made from vegetable oil by a chem-ical process. Do you suppose this process converts satu-rated fatty acids to unsaturated ones, or vice versa? Explainyour answer.arrow_forwardIn considering the carbohydrate maltose... a. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from its complete catabolism? b. How many rounds of Citric acid Cycle must occur to complete catabolism? c. How many rounds of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?arrow_forwardBetween two extremes. What is the role of a thioester in the formation of ATP in glycolysis?arrow_forward
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