Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Question
Chapter 44.4, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The flow of information in a knee-jerk reflex circuit with the help of a diagram.
Introduction:
In a situation where conscious processing of information is not required, a reflex reaction takes place. The reflex reaction is unconscious and involuntary. For example, immediate removal of hand when placed accidentally on fire. To perform the normal movement of legs, the knee-jerk response is required. In this response, the muscles act in opposite manner, i.e., while one pair of muscle is relaxed (the extensor muscle), the other one is in the contracted state (the flexor muscle).
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Chapter 44 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- Motor control can be defined as the acquisition of relatively permanent movement skills resulting from practice and repeated experience. True Falsearrow_forwardA tap on the patellar tendon at the knee joint is used to test the knee-jerk reflex. All of the followings are correct, except ---------------------. The reflex starts with the 1a sensory neurons of the muscle spindle There is an excitatory stimulus to the motor pool of the extensor muscle There is a stimulation of the excitatory interneuron of the flexor muscle Excitation of the extensor muscle fibers causes the knee extension Muscle contraction depends on coordination between motor pools of antagonistic musclesarrow_forwardWhat is the approximate amplitude in mV of the twitch in recording B? Be careful and note the position of the baseline! In which recording, A or B, is the amplitude of the muscle twitch measured correctly? In which recording, A,B, or C, is the time between the second two twitches measured correctly?arrow_forward
- What are the neural pathways involved in the knee-jerk reflex?arrow_forwarda) Describe how the isolated muscle behaved as the interpulse interval was decreased progressively. b) Examine the table. Can you describe what happens to the frequency of stimulation when you decrease the interval between the pulses?arrow_forwarda) Describe the processes involved in the knee-jerk reflex and explainwhy it is called a ‘monosynaptic’ reflex.b) While crawling across the floor a child accidentally places her righthand onto a piece of broken glass. How will the flexor muscles of herleft arm respond? What happens to the rest of her body?arrow_forward
- Describe in details the biochemical and mechanochemical series of events that enables motor neurons to trigger muscle contraction, using the biceps brachii as an example.arrow_forwardDiscuss the function of Golgi tendon organs in monitoring muscle tension.arrow_forwardIdentify the steps that show how an action potentialproduced in the motor end-plate of the neuromuscularjunction eventually results in contraction of the muscle fiber.arrow_forward
- What is the possible mechanism behind the difference between nerve stimulation and direct muscle stimulation?arrow_forwardWhich of the following does NOT describe treppe? It is also referred to as the "staircase" effect. An increase in stimulus intensity is required to see the effect. An incremental increase in force occurs. A period of relaxation can be seen on the muscle twitch tracing.arrow_forwardDescribe the relationship between the resting muscle length and the strength of its contraction. What is summation of subthreshold stimuli and what ion is involved? Describe the effect of increasing the intensity (voltage) of the stimulus while keeping the frequency constant? Define maximal stimulus.arrow_forward
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