Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 44.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The mechanism by, which an activity is generated by the graded membrane potentials inside a neuron’s axon, helping it to assimilate information received from several dendrites.
Introduction:
The muscles and the neurons generally work by all or none principle, i.e., their response to stimulus is independent of its strength. A muscle or neuron responds to stimulus only when a particular threshold is crossed by it. Once, a threshold is crossed, the action potential is generated irrespective of the strong or the weak stimulus.
The graded potential, however are generated by the individual actions of the channel proteins that are ligand-gated. The graded membrane potentials fade away with time and distance. The strength of the graded membrane potential depends upon the stimulus’ strength.
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When an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?
Describe how following a threshold stimulus, a action potential is carried along an unmyelinated axon? How does this differ from an action potential passing through a mylenated axon?
Which component of the neuron sends action potentials away from the cell body?
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- Do Excitatory Potentials (EPSPs) and Inhibitory Potentials (IPSPs) only come into play at the synapses due to the NT's that bind to receptors on post-synaptic cell? And if an action potential is fired in the post-synaptic cell will it propagate from node to node dependent of this concept or do EPSPs and IPSPs come into play at each section of the axon?arrow_forwardIf action potential propagation from one neuron to another neuron requires ACh release, what event at the synaptic cleft explains the need for action potentials to arrive at a high rate before the post-synaptic membrane achieves threshold? the lack of sodium voltage gated channels on the post-synaptic membrane O the rapid breakdown of ACh by ACHE at the synaptic cleft the slow release of ACh by the synaptic vessicles the slow movement of sodium through chemical gates Previous Next MacBook Airarrow_forwardWhy are chemically- sensitive gated channels associated with receptors at the synapse and voltage-sensitive channels found along the axon?arrow_forward
- What effect would you expect an antagonist that targets the voltage sensing domain of perisynaptic calcium channels of an inhibitory interneuron have on the firing frequency of a finically active neuron that interneuron synapses onto? Explain in detailsarrow_forwardProvide a microscopic picture of a "typical neuron" that shows the soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, collateral axon, node of ranvier and presynaptic terminal.arrow_forwardWhich statement is true regarding the action potential process? 1) the repolarization phase must occur prior to depolarization 2) hyperpolarization allows for Na+ and K+ ions to move into and out of the cell 3) the action potential process only occurs at the nodes of ranvier in myelinated axons 4) depolarization occurs because voltage gated K+ channels allow K+ ions to rush into the cellarrow_forward
- Describe the conditions of a neuron at rest in terms of the RMP; concentration gradients for Na+, K+, Cl– along the entire neuron and Ca2+ at the synaptic knob; and the state of the gated channels.arrow_forwardHow much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?arrow_forwardwhat are Axons coated with this electrically insulating substance have higher conduction velocities compared to neurons without it?arrow_forward
- Suppose you inactivated a neuron’s Na/K exchange pumps (the active transporters), then immediately stimulated the neuron. i) Would the action potential fail to occur or be different from usual? Briefly explain. ii) Would repolarization fail to occur or be different from usual? Explain briefly. iii) Would the cell’s ability to respond to a second stimulus be changed? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardWhat happens when a resting neuron’s membranedepolarizes?(A) There is a net diffusion of Na+out of the cell.(B) The equilibrium potential for K+(EK) becomesmore positive.(C) The neuron’s membrane voltage becomesmore positive.(D) The cell’s inside is more negative than the outsidearrow_forwardImmediately after the repolarization phase of an action potential, the neuronal membrane is temporarily unable to respond to the stimulation of a second action potential, a phenomenon referred to as the refractory period. What is the mechanistic basis for the refractory period?arrow_forward
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