Physical Chemistry
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781133958437
Author: Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, Tomas
Publisher: Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
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Chapter 4, Problem 4.51E
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The slope of the graph between
Concept introduction:
The standard Gibbs-energy gives the non-expansion work achieved from the system at a constant temperature and pressure for the reaction. The standard Gibbs-energy for the reaction is represented as
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Students have asked these similar questions
5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the
product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15%
glycerin by weight.
If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate;
e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt).
f. Moles of CO2 evolved.
g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed.
h. Conversion efficiency.
i. Per cent excess of excess reactant.
Reactions:
Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6
Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3
Show work. don't give Ai generated solution. How many carbons and hydrogens are in the structure?
13. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the
molecule depicted below.
Bond B
2°C. +2°C. cleavage
Bond A
•CH3 + 26.← Cleavage
2°C. +
Bond C
+3°C•
CH3 2C
Cleavage
E
2°C. 26.
weakest bond
Intact molecule
Strongest 3°C 20.
Gund
Largest
argest
a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in
appropriate boxes.
C
Weakest
bond
A
Produces
Most
Bond
Strongest
Bond
Strongest Gund
produces least stable
radicals
Weakest
Stable radical
b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A,
B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B,
and C are all carbon radicals.
i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line
representation is fine.
13°C. formed in
bound C
cleavage
ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line
representation is fine.
• CH3
methyl radical
Formed in Gund A Cleavage
c.…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
Ch. 4 - List the sets of conditions that allow dS, dU, and...Ch. 4 - Explain why conditions for using S>0 as a strict...Ch. 4 - Explain how the equation dU+pdVTdS0 is consistent...Ch. 4 - Explain why the spontaneity conditions given in...Ch. 4 - Prove that the adiabatic free expansion of an...Ch. 4 - Derive equation 4.6 from equation 4.5.Ch. 4 - Derive equation 4.8 from equation 4.7.Ch. 4 - The third part of equation 4.9 mentions a...Ch. 4 - Calculate A for a process in which 0.160mole of an...Ch. 4 - What is the maximum amount of non-pV work that can...
Ch. 4 - Consider a piston whose compression ratio is 10:1;...Ch. 4 - When one dives, water pressure increases by 1atm...Ch. 4 - Calculate G(25C) for this chemical reaction, which...Ch. 4 - Thermodynamic properties can also be determined...Ch. 4 - Calculate G in two different ways for the...Ch. 4 - Calculate G in two different ways for the...Ch. 4 - For the reaction C(graphite)C(diamond) at 25C,...Ch. 4 - Determine G for the following reaction at 0C and...Ch. 4 - What is the maximum amount of electrical that is,...Ch. 4 - When a person performs work, it is non-pV work....Ch. 4 - Can non-pV work be obtained from a process for...Ch. 4 - Can pV work be obtained from a process for which...Ch. 4 - Batteries are chemical systems that can be used to...Ch. 4 - The value of G for any phase change at constant p...Ch. 4 - The value of G for any phase change at constant p...Ch. 4 - Under what conditions is A=0 for a phase change?...Ch. 4 - Example 4.2 calculated A for one step of a Carnot...Ch. 4 - Can CV and Cp be easily defined using the natural...Ch. 4 - Analogous to equation 4.26, what is the expression...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.30ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.31ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.32ECh. 4 - Although ideally, U=H=0 for a gas-phase process at...Ch. 4 - Use equations 4.21 and 4.25 to explain why H and G...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.35ECh. 4 - Which of the following functions are exact...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.37ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.38ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.39ECh. 4 - Equation 4.19 says that (UV)S=p If we are...Ch. 4 - For an isentropic process, what is the approximate...Ch. 4 - Use the ideal gas law to demonstrate the cyclic...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.43ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.44ECh. 4 - Evaluate (U/V)T for an ideal gas. Use the...Ch. 4 - Evaluate (U/V)T for a van der Waals gas. Use the...Ch. 4 - Repeat the previous exercise for a gas that...Ch. 4 - Determine an expression for (p/S)T for an ideal...Ch. 4 - Determine the value of the derivative {[(G)]/T}p...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.50ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.51ECh. 4 - A 0.988-mole sample of argon expands from 25.0L to...Ch. 4 - A 3.66-mol sample of He contracts from 15.5L to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.54ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.55ECh. 4 - Use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to demonstrate...Ch. 4 - For the equation 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(g)...Ch. 4 - Use equation 4.46 as an example and find an...Ch. 4 - What is the value of G when 1.00mol of water at...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.60ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.61ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.62ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.63ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.64ECh. 4 - What is the change in the chemical potential of a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.66ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.67ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.68ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.69ECh. 4 - Can equation 4.62 be used to calculate for an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.71ECh. 4 - Of helium and oxygen gases, which one do you...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.73ECh. 4 - Use equation 4.39 to determine a numerical value...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.75ECh. 4 - Prob. 4.76E
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- Hi!! Please provide a solution that is handwritten. Ensure all figures, reaction mechanisms (with arrows and lone pairs please!!), and structures are clearly drawn to illustrate the synthesis of the product as per the standards of a third year organic chemistry course. ****the solution must include all steps, mechanisms, and intermediate structures as required. Please hand-draw the mechanisms and structures to support your explanation. Don’t give me AI-generated diagrams or text-based explanations, no wordy explanations on how to draw the structures I need help with the exact mechanism hand drawn by you!!! I am reposting this—ensure all parts of the question are straightforward and clear or please let another expert handle it thanks!!arrow_forwardHi!! Please provide a solution that is handwritten. Ensure all figures, reaction mechanisms (with arrows and lone pairs please!!), and structures are clearly drawn to illustrate the synthesis of the product as per the standards of a third year organic chemistry course. ****the solution must include all steps, mechanisms, and intermediate structures as required. Please hand-draw the mechanisms and structures to support your explanation. Don’t give me AI-generated diagrams or text-based explanations, no wordy explanations on how to draw the structures I need help with the exact mechanism hand drawn by you!!! I am reposting this—ensure all parts of the question are straightforward and clear or please let another expert handle it thanks!!arrow_forward. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B 2°C. +2°C. < cleavage Bond A • CH3 + 26. t cleavage 2°C• +3°C• Bond C Cleavage CH3 ZC '2°C. 26. E Strongest 3°C. 2C. Gund Largest BDE weakest bond In that molecule a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. Weakest C bond Produces A Weakest Bond Most Strongest Bond Stable radical Strongest Gund produces least stable radicals b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. 人 8°C. formed in bound C cleavage ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. methyl radical •CH3 formed in bund A Cleavagearrow_forward
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