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Chapter 4 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
- The combustion of acetylene, C2H2, is a spontaneous reaction given by the equation 2C2H2(g)+5O2(g)4CO2(g)+2H2O(l) As expected for a combustion, the reaction is exothermic. What is the sign of H? What do you expect for the sign of S? Explain the spontaneity of the reaction in terms of the enthalpy and entropy changes.arrow_forwardWhat determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate Ssurr at constant pressure and temperature, we use the following equation: Ssurr = H/T. Why does a minus sign appear in the equation, and why is Ssurr inversely proportional to temperature?arrow_forwardWhich contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene at the same temperature? Explain in terms of the dispersal of energy in the substance.arrow_forward
- Consider the reaction of 2 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1 atm with 1 mol O2(g) at the same temperature and pressure to produce liquid water at these conditions. If this reaction is run in a controlled way to generate work, what is the maximum useful work that can be obtained? How much entropy is produced in this case?arrow_forwardFor each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to occur: Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight. The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston. A glass shatters on the floor.arrow_forwardDefine the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e. surroundings f. universearrow_forward
- Consider the reaction of 1 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1 atm with 1 mol Br2(l) at the same temperature and pressure to produce gaseous HBr at these conditions. If this reaction is run in a controlled way to generate work, what is the maximum useful work that can be obtained? How much entropy is produced in this case?arrow_forwardSolid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing water at 25 C. When the solid has completely dissolved, the temperature of the solution is 23.5 C. (a) Was the process exothermic or endothermic? (b) Was the process spontaneous? (c) Did the entropy of the system increase? (d) Did the entropy of the universe increase?arrow_forwardFor each process, predict whether entropy increases or decreases, and explain how you arrived at your prediction. 2 CO2(g) → 2 CO(g) + O2(g) NaCl(s) → NaCl(aq) MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)arrow_forward
- Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4, has a normal boiling point of 76.7C and an enthalpy of vaporization, Hvap, of 29.82 kJ/mol. Estimate the entropy of vaporization, Svap. Estimate the free energy of vaporization, Gvap, at 25C.arrow_forwardThe melting point for carbon diselenide (CSe2) is 46C. At a temperature of 75C, predict the signs for Ssurr and Swater for the following process: CSe2(l) CSe2(s).arrow_forwardWhat is the sign of the standard Gibbs free-energy change at low temperatures and at high temperatures for the explosive decomposition of TNT? Use your knowledge of TNT and the chemical equation, particularly the phases, to answer this question. (Thermodynamic data for TNT are not in Appendix G.) 2C7H5N3O6(s) 3N2(g) + 5H2O() + 7C(s) + 7CO(g)arrow_forward
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