Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 11PIAT
Summary Introduction
To review:
The model described by Phoebus Levene will affect the information that could be stored in the DNA, assuming this model to be correct.
Introduction:
The “tetranucleotide hypothesis” was formulated around 1910 by Phoebus Levene, which first proposed that DNA is made up of equal amounts of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Phoebus Levene was the first to describe the structure of nucleotides and how they were bonded together with phosphodiester linkages. In 1919, he incorrectly proposed the tetranucleotide hypothesis, which stated that
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X-ray was used by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to study the molecular
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The proposed model of the DNA double helix by Watson and Crick was based
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While trying to determine the structure of DNA, Watson and Crick at one point proposed that like bases are bonded to like bases. For example, thymine would be bonded to thymine, cytosine would be bonded to cytosine, and so on. Explain why this proposed model would not fit based on what was discovered to be true about DNA.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Ch. 4 - What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA?...Ch. 4 - 2. What determines the primary structure of a DNA...Ch. 4 - 3. Which of the following describes the synthesis...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 4 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 4 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 4 - What would be the sequence of the strand of DNA...Ch. 4 - 8. According to the RNA world model, a ribozyme...Ch. 4 - Make a concept map (see BioSkills 12 ) that...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10TYPSS
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- Watson and Crick used an approach called model building to deduce the structure of the DNA double helix.How does this differ from the more conventional experimental approach that is undertaken in a research laboratory? In this regard, why was the experiment of Meselsonand Stahl considered to be of such critical importance?arrow_forwardwhat is the significance of famous dna structure experiment?arrow_forwardPlease draw a monomer of DNA, label all parts and the carbon numbers on the sugar (as shown in figure 2.18 but the goal is to draw without help). The way to number the carbons in the sugar is to start at number the carbon at which the base is attached as 1 and then moving away from the oxygen number sequentially. Now draw a monomer of RNA. Again, label all parts and number the carbons in the sugar. Compare the two drawings by writing differences below. Finally, draw a dimer of either DNA or RNA and show how two nucleotides are connected. Remember, a dimer means "two units", or two monomers, connect by covalent bonds to make a bigger molecule. This is not asking you to draw hydrogen bonds between a pair of bases (a base pair).arrow_forward
- In the early 1950s, it became clear to many researchers that DNAwas the cellular molecule that carries genetic information. However,an understanding of the genetic properties of DNA couldonly be achieved through a detailed knowledge of its structure.To this end, several laboratories began a highly competitive raceto discover the three-dimensional structure of DNA, which endedwhen Watson and Crick published their now classic paper in 1953.Their model was based, in part, on an X-ray diffraction photographof DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin (Figure 9.10). Two ethical issuessurround this photo. First, the photo was given to Watson and Crickby Franklin’s co-worker, Maurice Wilkins, without her knowledge orconsent. Second, in their paper, Watson and Crick did not creditFranklin’s contribution. The fallout from these lapses lasted fordecades and raises some basic questions about ethics in science. What vital clues were provided by Franklin’s work to Watsonand Crick about the molecular structure…arrow_forwardUsing the figure below, which end of the double helix,"A" or "B", would be considered the 5 prime end? B (type "A" or "B" in the blank) Which of the following statements would best explain your reasoning for question 1? 1 (type 1, 2 or 3 in the blank) The end of the DNA strand with the phosphate exposed is the 5 prime end The end of the DNA strand that shows the five carbon sugar pointing down is the 5 prime end The end of the DNA strand with the fifth carbon on the sugar molecule is the 5 prime endarrow_forwardThe DNA double helix looks like a twisted ladder.What makes up each rung of the ladder, what holds the rungs of the ladder and what holds the rungs together at the sides? Explain the reason for this orientation.arrow_forward
- Which of the following features is associated with the Watson and Crick model of the DNA? sugar-phosphate-base is the backbone of the helix B two antiparallel strands form the right-handed helix a purine always pair with a purine two antiparallel strands form the left handed helixarrow_forwardThe DNA double helix looks like a twisted ladder.What makes up each rung of the ladder?What holds the rungs together at the base? Describe its structure and its component.arrow_forwardThe sequence below shows one strand of DNA. Parts of the sequence are in capital letters to help you identify important features - capitalization does not affect the nucleotide indicated. 5' ...atacaATGcATGTCAaCTAcg[a]agatccgTAGaTAACATtCATatc...3' a) Underneath that strand, write the sequence of the strand of DNA it would be paired with in a double-stranded helix. Use the single letter code A-adenosine, G-guanosine, T-thymine, C-cytosine, and U-uracil, and remember to label the 5' and 3' ends b) Next, write the sequence of a possible mRNA transcript of the double-stranded DNA above. Remember that an mRNA must be translatable by a ribosome into a protein. Be sure to indicate 5' and 3' ends c) Using the genetic code at the end, translate your mRNA into the appropriate protein. Write the amino acid sequence of the protein using the single letter amino acid code (also at the end) below the mRNA sequence in (b) and label the amino and carboxy terminals d) Suppose the bracketed bold [a] were…arrow_forward
- Describe why the structure of DNA led Watson and Crick to point out “apossible copying mechanism for the genetic material.”arrow_forwardConsider the following image - the dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases: (T) Thymine (A) Adenine (A) Adenine (U) Uracil (C) Cytosine (G) Guanine (C) Cytosinel (G) Guanine Which of the following does this image likely represent? OA section of an enzyme bound to a DNA strand A section of a double stranded DNA A section of RNA primer bound to a DNA strand Two sections of an RNA strands bound togetherarrow_forwardYou have a sample of genetic material. The nitrogenous base content is 29% guanine. a) If the sample is DNA, what are the amounts of the other bases? Explain your thought process b) Why can you not determine the amounts of the other bases if the sample is RNA? Explain your answer c) How did Watson and Crick make use the relationships between base pairs as they constructed the model for DNA?arrow_forward
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