Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 29, Problem 17RQ
During evolution, skeletal muscle became adapted to functional demands ranging from sudden, withdrawal movements of a startled worm, to the sustained contractions required to maintain mammalian posture, to supporting a long, fast chase across an African savanna. What are some of the fiber types in vertebrate muscle that evolved to support these kinds of activities?
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Students have asked these similar questions
Calmodulin is found in smooth muscle cells and performs a similar function to troponin in striated muscle fibers. However, calmodulin not only gets activated by Ca2+ but also slows the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How might this difference relate to the different kinds of contractions smooth muscles do in comparison to striated muscles?
Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving:
1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length
2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin
3) dynamic instability of microtubules
4)none
Skeletal muscle fibres are very metabolically active and are adapted to create a lot of ATP from aerobic cellular respiration. Additionally, cells require other things to stay alive.
Explain how the following three organ systems contribute to allowing a muscle cell to carry out its roles:
a) Respiratory system
b) Cardiovascular system
c) Gastrointestinal system
asap please.
Chapter 29 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 29 - The arthropod exoskeleton is the most complex of...Ch. 29 - Distinguish between epidermis and dermis in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3RQCh. 29 - As naked apes humans lack the protective...Ch. 29 - Prob. 5RQCh. 29 - Prob. 6RQCh. 29 - What is the difference between endochondral and...Ch. 29 - Discuss the role of osteoclasts, osteoblasts,...Ch. 29 - The laws of scaling tell us that doubling the...Ch. 29 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 29 - Prob. 11RQCh. 29 - Prob. 12RQCh. 29 - What functional features of molluscan smooth...Ch. 29 - Prob. 14RQCh. 29 - While the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle was...Ch. 29 - The filaments of skeletal muscle are moved by free...Ch. 29 - During evolution, skeletal muscle became adapted...Ch. 29 - A weight lifter decides to go jogging with a...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Skeletal muscle has several distinct fiber types. Type I is used primarily for aerobic activity, whereas type II b is specialized for short, intense bursts of activity. How could you distinguish between these types of muscle fiber if you viewed them with an electron microscope?arrow_forwardWhich of the following are aspects of the structure of skeletal muscle? Select all that apply. --They are cylindrical cells called muscle fibers that have multiple nuclei. --Skeletal muscle has more mitochondria than other types of muscle cells. --The muscle fibers parallel one another and have a striated appearance. --Cells are branched or unbranched with single nuclei. --Each fiber contains stacks of many units of contraction and protein filaments.arrow_forwardA study of muscle fibers between chimpanzees and humans revealed that although muscle mass per body size are approximately equivalent, the ratio of red (slow) and white (fast) fibers were significantly different. Chimps tend to have a ratio of 30% red to 70% white where humans are 60/40 respectively. Speculate about what this ratio difference means in terms of muscle activity potential and a possible evolutionary significance of this difference.arrow_forward
- During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.arrow_forwardStriated and smooth muscle activation differ because: a.) striated muscle activation is due to structural changes in the actin thin filament while smooth muscle activation requires structural changes in the myosin thick filament b.) striated muscle excitation is voltage dependent and smooth muscle is not c.) striated muscle activation requires calcium but smooth muscle does not d.) troponin C binds calcium in striated muscle while tropomyosin binds calcium in smooth muscle e.) A & Darrow_forwardThe release of calcium ions initiates muscle contractions.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/calciumrole) to learn more about the role of calcium. (a)What are “T-tubules” and what is their role? (b) Pleasealso describe how actin-binding sites are made available forcross-bridging with myosin heads during contraction.arrow_forward
- 15) what role does calcium play in muscle contraction? a) calcium is not involved in skeletal muscle contraction b) it binds to tropomyosin and moves Tripp in away from the myosin binding sit on the actin molecules c) it's binds to Troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding sit on the myosin molecules d) it binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding site on the actin molearrow_forwardYou know from experience that skeletal muscle tires quite quickly, especially if there is not enough oxygen. Interestingly, shellfish such as clams can maintain a month-long contraction in the muscle that keeps the shell closed. No oxygen gets in this situation. These muscles have a different version of myosin called paramyosin. Knowing what you know about the cellular mechanism of muscle contraction, propose a hypothesis to explain how paramyosin might work.arrow_forward2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would most directly prevent which the following? a. activation of tropomyosin b. activation of troponin c. activation of actin d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forward
- What happens to contraction of a muscle cell if some of the Ca2+ that was released during a contraction is still in the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) when the next stimulus arrives? - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because the number of cross-bridges formed is always the same during a contraction. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because more troponin molecules bound means greater myosin-binding sites (active sites) are revealed on the actin, leading to a larger number of cross-bridges formed. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because there will be more Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm after the second stimulation, which will bind to more troponin molecules. - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because muscles contract in an all-or-none fashion.arrow_forwardWhich of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomerearrow_forwardOne of the primary characteristics of all muscle tissue is contractility, the ability to shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax). You've identified the various components of a myofibril above. Now, use the table below to indicate what occurs to each band, line, or zone when the muscle contracts vs. relaxes. What occurs to this region / structure during contraction/relaxation? Region / Structure A-Band H-Band I-Band M-Line Z-Line Zone of Overlap Sarcomere No change Shortens Lengthens Muscle Contraction Muscle Relaxationarrow_forward
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