Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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You know from experience that skeletal muscle tires quite quickly, especially if there is not enough oxygen. Interestingly, shellfish such as clams can maintain a month-long contraction in the muscle that keeps the shell closed. No oxygen gets in this situation. These muscles have a different version of myosin called paramyosin. Knowing what you know about the cellular mechanism of muscle contraction, propose a hypothesis to explain how paramyosin might work.
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- In muscle cells, myosin molecules continue moving along actin molecules as long as: A. ATP is present and intracellular Ca2+ is high. B. ADP is present and intracellular acetylcholine is high. C. ATP is present and troponin is not bound to Ca2+. D.ATP is present and intracellular Ca2+ is low. E. ADP is present and tropomyosin is released from intracellular stores. QUESTION 27 Lamellipodia and filopodia frequently occur near the edges of cells. These membrane features: A. are supported by intermediate filaments, such as keratin. B. result from the polymerization of actin filaments. C. result from the contraction of actin-myosin. D. probably do not serve any useful purpose to the cell. E. are directly linked to the microtubule organizing center. QUESTION 28 Sort the following events to reflect the sequence during smooth muscle contraction upon delivery of muscle stimu 3. Activation of the myosin light-chain kinase 5. Interaction of myosin head with actin 4. Phosphorylation of myosin 1.…arrow_forwardMyosin binds to actin, then bends. What is ATP needed for next? A. to pump the Ca++ “keys” back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum B. to replace the strap and cover the binding sites C. to give feedback to the neuron that contraction occurred D. to un-bind myosin from actin and re-set for another powerstroke.arrow_forwardA study of muscle fibers between chimpanzees and humans revealed that although muscle mass per body size are approximately equivalent, the ratio of red (slow) and white (fast) fibers were significantly different. Chimps tend to have a ratio of 30% red to 70% white where humans are 60/40 respectively. Speculate about what this ratio difference means in terms of muscle activity potential and a possible evolutionary significance of this difference.arrow_forward
- In the process of muscle contraction, which of the following steps requires hydrolysis of ATP to complete? movement of myosin head, pulling the thin filament binding of myosin head to active site on actin resetting of the myosin head back to its ready position letting go of myosin head from the active site on actin sliding of tropomyosin causing exposure of actinarrow_forwardWhat event causes a troponin-tropomyosin complex to regain its original shape in muscle relaxation? a. stimulation of ACh receptors b. diffusion of Na+ back into transverse tubules c. return of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. breaking of the bond with tropomyosinarrow_forwardHow is the list below to be properly put in order to describe a muscular contraction? 1. Calcium causes exocytotic release of Acetylcholine into the synaptic gap; all this happens at an area called the neuromuscular junction2. ATP is consumed which allows myosin to "pivot" the myosin head, which pulls actin toward it.3. This process is repeated multiple times and is called the "sliding filament theory".4. Myosin filaments perform "crossbridging".5. Calcium is released and circulated throughout the muscle cell6. The brain predicts the action necessary and decides which muscles and how many "motor units" are needed to perform that action.7. Tropomyosin moves to reveal the active site of the F-Actin strand8. Upon reception of a calcium ion, the Troponin complex becomes activated9. Proteins embedded in the Sarcolemma receive enough of the ACH neurotransmitter to generate an electrical impulse.10. The electrical impulse is perpetuated throughout the muscle fiber.11. A nervouse impulse is…arrow_forward
- Some smooth muscle has the ability to contract spontaneously—that is,it contracts without any external stimulation. Propose an explanation forthis ability based on what you know about membrane potentials. Assumethat an action potential in a smooth muscle cell causes it to contract.arrow_forwardYou are helping Eldon Tyrell create replicants to work in off-world colonies. You want to design muscle cells that can produce the most tension. These muscle cells will have an abundant amount of: Moments that will be lost in time, like tears in rain... Sarcolemma Mitochondria O Myofibrilarrow_forwardBased on what you know about the neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction, describe very specifically how Botox injections cause localized muscle weakness/paralysis.arrow_forward
- Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle None of the choices are correct Has equal thick and thin filaments Uses calcium from the extracellular fluid only Has the same contractile and regulatory proteins. Has much more thick filaments than thin filamentsarrow_forwardThe sliding filament model depicts how myosin motors attached to actin lead to muscle contraction. This process proceeds in a precise series of events. Indicate which of the following shows the correct order of steps in the sliding filament model. Group of answer choices Myosin binds ATP; myosin tightly binds actin; power stroke; myosin releases actin Myosin binds GTP; myosin releases actin; power stroke; myosin tightly binds actin Actin binds ATP; power stroke; myosin tightly binds actin; actin releases ADP Actin binds ADP; myosin releases actin; power stroke; actin releases ADParrow_forwardAn ion that is essential for muscle contraction is Ca2+. Which of the following statements about the calcium ion and muscle contractions is TRUE? Select one: a. Muscle contractions can occur whether Ca2+ concentrations are high or low. b. Ca2+ binds to the tropin-tropomyosin protein complex shifting it out of the way and allows the myosin to bind to the actin so contraction can occur. c. When Ca2+ concentrations are high, tropomyosin inhibits myosin binding and the muscle is relaxed. d. Ca2+ ions are stored in the sacroplasmic reticulum during the muscle contractions. I do not know which one isarrow_forward
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