Chapter 27, Problem 80SAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The important distinction between base and nucleophile should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Base and nucleophile are the electron-rich species and generally they are negatively charged.

Nucleophiles are generally used in the substitution reactions while bases are used in the elimination reactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The important distinction between $\alpha$ carbon and $\text{β}$ carbon should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Functional group is the group of atoms present in the chemical compound that defines the characteristic reactions of that compound. For example, hydroxyl $\left(\text{OH}\right)$ defines alcohols.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The important distinction between polar protic solvent and polar aprotic solvent should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Solvent is a liquid that acts as a medium for the reaction. Polar solvents are the solvent that consists of molecules with different electronegativity. Polar solvents are of two types:

• Polar protic solvent
• Polar aprotic solvent

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The important distinction between carbocation and radical should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction intermediate is the short-lived species that are formed in the reaction from the reactant molecule and leads to the formation of the product. The chemical reaction takes place in various steps and the intermediate is formed in these steps and finally leads to the product.