Three ways in which the p53 protein affects cellular functionand why is it beneficial for these three things to happen when the cell’s DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is damaged. Introduction: About 40-50% of all cancer is associated with the defect in the p53 gene, such as liver, breast, lung, esophagus, brain along with sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma. The p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It is considered one of the classical type tumors and is the most common altered gene in human cancer.

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Chapter 25, Problem 29CONQ

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Three ways in which the p53 protein affects cellular functionand why is it beneficial for these three things to happen when the cell’s DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is damaged.

Introduction:

About 40-50% of all cancer is associated with the defect in the p53 gene, such as liver, breast, lung, esophagus, brain along with sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma. The p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It is considered one of the classical type tumors and is the most common altered gene in human cancer.

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A cell inherits a mutation in a gene that results in a transcription factor, called NF-kB, constantly being in its active conformation. When active, NF-kB stimulates the expression of cyclins that promote progression of the cell cycle, regardless of other conditions. As a result of this mutation, how would this cell's phenotype be affected by this mutation? A) This cell would have a cancer phenotype B) This cell would grow larger in size, but would never divide C) This cell would likely undergo apoptosis D) This cell would not duplicate its chromosomes .

D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…

The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for several genes. Discuss an example of a specific gene that is activated by p53 and how this gene activation will lead to a pause in the cell cycle for DNA repair to take place.