BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Textbook Question
Chapter 23, Problem 6S
AID:1825 | 10/04/2018
6. In what sense does the biological species concept focus on evolutionary mechanisms and the phylogenetic species concept on evolutionary patterns? Which, if either, is correct?
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1. Please examine the character matrix below:
Traits
| 5 | 6 7
0 0
1 2 3 4 5
Species A 0
000
Species B
1
1
1
Species C 1
1
1
1
Species D 0
1
1
1
Species E 0
1
0000
1
Species F 1
1
1
Species G 1
1
1
1
(a) Which species is your outgroup?
(b) Which traits represent synapomorphies?
(c) Please build the most parsimonious phylogeny for Species A-G, making sure
to include tick marks that indicate where on the phylogeny each trait likely
evolved.
Identify the key components, inherent assumptions, and drawbacks for the three major species concepts.
Phylogenetic species concept
Biological species concept
General lineage species concept
Answer Bank
requires interbreeding individuals
does not work well if there is high morphological variation in a species
defines species as a metapopulation that exchanges alleles and shares an evolutionary lincage
defines species by morphological characteristics
may group morphologically different populations as the same species
only applies to species that reproduce sexually
defines species as a group that possesses distinguishing characteristics from other groups
a)
How many of the gene trees do you expect to look like the species tree?
b)
You observe three gene trees in which species X and Z are the closest relatives and seven gene trees where X and Y are the closest relatives. What can you conclude from these data?
Group of answer choices
Historical hybridization between species W and X
Historical hybridization between species X and Y
Historical hybridization between species X and Z
Historical hybridization between species Y and Z
Chapter 23 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Demonstrate how a cladogram is constructed.Ch. 23.3 - Explain the taxonomic classification system.Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23 - Construct a data matrix like the one in figure...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1IQCh. 23 - Prob. 2IQCh. 23 - Prob. 3IQCh. 23 - Prob. 4IQCh. 23 - Overall similarity of phenotypes may not always...Ch. 23 - a. is based on overall similarity of phenotypes....Ch. 23 - The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary...Ch. 23 - Parsimony suggests that parental care in birds,...Ch. 23 - The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a...Ch. 23 - In order to determine polarity for different...Ch. 23 - In a paraphyletic group a. all species are more...Ch. 23 - A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9UCh. 23 - A taxonomic group that contains species that have...Ch. 23 - Rapid rates of character change relative to the...Ch. 23 - Species recognized by the phylogenetic species...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1SCh. 23 - Identifying outgroups is a central component of...Ch. 23 - As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely...Ch. 23 - Across many species of limpets, loss of larval...Ch. 23 - Birds, pterosaurs (a type of flying reptile that...Ch. 23 - AID:1825 | 10/04/2018 6. In what sense does the...
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- 21) ALL BUT ONE of the statements below helps to describe gene flow. That is A) B) Without genetic variation, some of the basic mechanisms of evolutionary change cannot operate. There are three primary sources of genetic variation: 1. Mutations II. Gene flow III. Sexual reproduction D) It depends on a chance event that changes the gene pool. It can reduce the genetic differentiation between the two groups. It involves the movement of alleles from one population to another. It includes migration or the movement of individuals between populations. Some mutations always occur from generation to generation. But most mutations do not persist over time in the gene pool. Which mutation is MOST likely to become established and persist in a species?arrow_forwardTry to outline a scenario explaining the evolution of the three species shown in panel g. Use migration, mutation, genetic drift, selection, reproductive isolation, gene flow, extinction, and many generations in your scenario. Based on your scenario, what are the components that are necessary in a population in order for it to split or diverge into two new daughter species from a single ancestor (the parent species)?arrow_forwardWhat features are created at Convergent boundaries? Draw the picturesarrow_forward
- Vertical 11 1. Involves the formation of new species from pre-existing species. 8 3. Group of organisms that are capable of producing viable and fertile offspring 5. A mechanism that keeps species from mating with other. 7. it means "beside" 13 9. offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits. 12 11. Incapable of producing offspring 13. In temporal or seasonal isolation the reproduction is prevented by 10 15 14 Horlzontal 2. The role or the organism in the environment 4. It means "Place" 6. _itself is not only the mechanism of change overtime but it reduce the gene flow 8. Prevents the Fertilization of the eggs 10. An isolation wherein there's a differences in reproductive organs prevent successful Interbreeding. 12. It means "near" 14. Prevents the formation of fertile offspring 15. Formation of new species from the hybridization of 2 different speciesarrow_forwardFor each of the following organism scenarios, select the species concept that is most applicable for distinguishing species. Bacteria African elephants Fossil organisms Closely related bird species occupying different habitats [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] ◄► ◄►arrow_forwardFixity of Species refers to… Group of answer choices A-the theory that species exist at a fixed location along a physiological continuum B-the fact that species are defined by fixed adaptations to their direct environment C-the theory presented by Thomas Malthus that population densities of any given species are most affected by mortality and fertility rates D-the pre-darwinian notion that species, once created, can never change E-the late 19th century concept that because mendelian traits are fixed they are evidence that variation within and between species are designed by God specifically for those speciesarrow_forward
- 10) If you determine that 2 similar organisms distinctly different ways of interacting with other species and their environment, and you therefore classify each as a different species, which species concept are you using? A) The biological species concept B) The phylogenetic species concept C) The ecological species concept D) The morphological species conceptarrow_forwardSpecies Concepts Review The Baltimore Orioles and Black-backed Orioles species complex has conflicting evidence in support of each being their own species and in support of them being the same species. Review the evidence below for each hypothesis, then, using that evidence, explain whether they should be classified as distinct or the same species based on each species concept. Then, using the overall evidence, decide whether to classify them as the same or different species. Genetic Information (In the Species Concepts lab, we used a "controversial" 10% cutoff. A more realistic cutoff might be 1%. Let's use a 1% cutoff for this activity.) Sequence Differences Baltimore Oriole vs Black- backed Oriole Cytochrome b 0.26% Control region 0.74% 2A. Based on the genetic information above, should the Baltimore Oriole and Black-backed Oriole be classified as one species or two species?arrow_forwardFirst: Identify the following; allopatric, peripatric, sympatric and parapatric.Second: Explain by giving examples:Why allopatric and peripatric are first affected by geographic isolation, which leads to genetic isolation. On the other hand, sympatric and parapatric are generated from genetic isolation, which then leads to geographic isolation.arrow_forward
- In 350 words, distinguish between sympatric, allopatric and parapatric speciation.arrow_forwardThe biological species concept primarily focuses on which of the following criteria for defining a species? Interbreeding and reproductive isolation Phylogenetic relationships Ecological roles Morphological similaritiesarrow_forwardWhat notion is common to each morphological, phylogenetic, and biological species concepts.?arrow_forward
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