BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 23, Problem 3S
As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely utilized method of systematics, and our classification system (taxonomy) is increasingly becoming reflective of our knowledge of evolutionary relationships. Using birds as an example, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of recognizing them as reptiles versus as a group separate and equal to reptiles.
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Through the phylogenetic tree of major groups of vertebrates provided below, answer the given table by numbering and naming each node in the diagram. Then list the names of each group and write down the shared characteristic(s) of it. You may add more rows if needed.
Node Number (e.g. 1 - Gnasthostomata)
Animal Group 1
Animal Group 2
Shared Characteristics of Animal Group 1 & 2
The taxon Crocodilia includes crocodiles, Aves includes birds, and Squamata includes snakes and lizards. If we think of Crocodilia and Squamata as reptiles, what kind of phylogenetic group do they form? (paraphyletic, monophyletic, polyphyletic)
What are your thoughts on the followig paragraph below?
Understanding the classification of primates in this module helped me digest past modules' material on taxonomy. I learnt that there are differenet divisions, orders, and categories of primates. The two suborders of primates are Strepsirhini and Haplorhini. This furthered my understanding on what makes us human and what similarities and differences we share with other primates. I had heard of many of these factors before such as bipedalism and being able to use tools, but one I hadn't heard of is knucklewalking. This term refers to a way of walking on all 4s commonly used by African apes. It was truly interesting to see how closely we are related to monkeys from our behaviors, features, and mroe. An aha moment I had was learning about the number of primates that include 230 species. The way they are geographically spread was even more interesting. Apes are common in South Africa and South Asia even though these 2 places are…
Chapter 23 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Demonstrate how a cladogram is constructed.Ch. 23.3 - Explain the taxonomic classification system.Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23 - Construct a data matrix like the one in figure...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1IQCh. 23 - Prob. 2IQCh. 23 - Prob. 3IQCh. 23 - Prob. 4IQCh. 23 - Overall similarity of phenotypes may not always...Ch. 23 - a. is based on overall similarity of phenotypes....Ch. 23 - The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary...Ch. 23 - Parsimony suggests that parental care in birds,...Ch. 23 - The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a...Ch. 23 - In order to determine polarity for different...Ch. 23 - In a paraphyletic group a. all species are more...Ch. 23 - A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9UCh. 23 - A taxonomic group that contains species that have...Ch. 23 - Rapid rates of character change relative to the...Ch. 23 - Species recognized by the phylogenetic species...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1SCh. 23 - Identifying outgroups is a central component of...Ch. 23 - As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely...Ch. 23 - Across many species of limpets, loss of larval...Ch. 23 - Birds, pterosaurs (a type of flying reptile that...Ch. 23 - AID:1825 | 10/04/2018 6. In what sense does the...
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- For each of the following sets of traits and descriptors, give the name of the most specific Primate taxon that possesses ALL of the given features. In other words, don't report a suborder or superfamily name if a family or even a genus is sufficient to include all primates sharing the three sets of traits. In each case, you will need to be no more specific than the taxa I have asked you to know for the final exam. 1) suspensory anatomy (full 360° rotation in shoulder) Y-5 molar pattern fist walking partial post-orbital closure dry nose: nostrils with internal moist membranes all members are nocturnal 2) 3) fused frontal bone no external tail IMI less than 100 4) brachiator anatomy bribban. 2:1:2:3 dental formula ischial callositiesarrow_forwardThrough the phylogenetic tree of major groups of vertebrates provided below, answer the given table by numbering each node (the point where branches intersect) in the diagram. Then list the names of each group and write down the shared characteristic(s) of it. You may add more rows if needed. Node Number Animal Group 1 Animal Group 2 Animal Group 1&2 Shared Characteristicsarrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forward
- You are a scientist trying to determine the relationship between the organisms below. On a separate sheet of paper create a cladogram that represents how these animals are related. the words below in bold, must be used on your cladogram 1. Divide the animals into two groups depending on if they possess vertebrae. 2. Divide the vertebrates into groups according whether they have an amniotic egg or not. (Hint: keep the animals who give live birth with the amniotic egg animals.) 3. Divide those who have amniotic eggs according to the presence of an exoskeleton. 4. Divide those with endoskeleton according to whether or not they give live birth. 5. Divide those with live birth depending on if they possess opposable thumbs. 6. Return to your invertebrates. Divide them according to the presence of an exoskeleton. 7. Divide those with exoskeletons according to whether they possess wings. Owl Turtle Spider Butterfly Chimpanzee Octopus Toad Elephantarrow_forward4. If Table 1 were used to name Amphibian A and Amphibian B from Table 2, at which step would the naming efforts first diverge? F. Step 1 G. Step 2 H. Step 3 J. Step 4arrow_forwardHelp me pleasearrow_forward
- Identify what is being described by each of the following statements. Write your best answer on the blank provided before the item. 1) Figure 20 shows that the European otter (Lutra lutra) and the American badger (Taxidea taxus) belong to the same group through a common ancestor. In cladistics, what is such a grouping called? 2) This refers to a treelike diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of species based on derived characters. 3) In cladistics, this refers to a characteristic that is not found in the common ancestor of a group of organisms being studied. 4) Vertebrate skeletons perform the same basic function, are made up of the same materials and are composed of the same parts. This kind of skeletal organization is believed to be inherited from and originated by a common vertebrate ancestor. What are characteristics such as the organization of the vertebrate skeleton called? 1 5) These are biological molecules, such as DNA or a protein, whose rate of evolution can be…arrow_forwardBelow is a phylogenetic tree of primates. Bush babies, lemurs, pottos Tarsiers Monkeys Gibbons Family Hylobatidae Orangutans Subfamily Ponginae Gorillas Family Hominidae Tribe Gorillini Chimpanzees Tribe Panini Subfamily Homininae ko Humans Tribe Hominini Which of the following is NOT a monophyletic group? O Gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, humans, chimpanzees O humans Gibbons, orangutans, monkeys Chimpanzees, humans Strepsirrhini Haplorrhini Anthropoidea Hominoideaarrow_forwardWhich of the following is true: Clades are groupings that reflect levels of adaptation or overall similarity and not necessarily actual evolutionary relationships. A grade is a grouping of organisms that reflect a branch of the evolutionary tree, Prosimii and Anthropoidea are an alternative grade-based classification Genetic evidence suggests that Tarsiers are more closely related to Lemurs and Lorises than they are to haplorhines None of the abovearrow_forward
- For each of the following sets of traits and descriptors, give the name of the most specific primate taxon that possesses ALL of the given features. In other words, don't report a suborder or superfamily name if a family or even a genus is sufficient to include all primates sharing the three sets of traits. In each case, you will need to be no more specific than the taxa I have asked you to know for the final exam. 1) 2) 3) 4) post-orbital bar with no post-orbital closure wet rhinarium all members nocturnal usually both prehensile hands & feet forward facing eyes retains the clavicle (collar bone) fused frontal bone no tail IMI less than 100 brachiator anatomy 2:1:2:3 dental formula ischial callositiesarrow_forwardFor each statement about the trees shown below, indicate whether it is TRUE (1) or FALSE (2). These trees show that there are far more species of tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs) than there are of bony fishes. Only tree 1 is accurate because it shows humans, the most complex species, at one end and fishes, the simplest lineage, at the other end. Humans and lizards are equally closely related to frogs according to both trees. The only difference between these two trees is that some of the internal nodes have been rotated. They show the same topology and therefore represent the same evolutionary relationships. The lineage represented by fishes has been evolving for a much longer time than the lineage represented by lizards.arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram (This is all about Biology: Systematics Based on Evolutionary Relationships: Cladistics and Phylogeny). Steps: 1. Choose a group of organisms (e.g. invertebrates);2. Download pictures of different species.3. In tabular form, list all the characters. Evaluate the characters (whether primitive or derived).4. Remember that in building your cladogram, use only shared derived characters.5. Construct your own cladogram.arrow_forward
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