Concept explainers
To analyze:
The expected number of synonymous substitution on the basis of the rate of synonymous substitute provided in the previous question, the time of divergence and number of generations, which take place every year, and the reason for the discrepancy between observed value and expected value.
Given:
The separation of Drosophilia melanogaster from the Musca domestica (houseflies) occurred about 90 MYA (million years ago). It is assumed that there are 174 synonymous substitutions between these two taxa. It is also assumed that the number of generations remains five per year across these two species.
Introduction:
By studying the molecular evolution pattern of the genes, biologists are able to make about the inferences about the types of natural selections that have been operating in nature. Such inferences are important to study the functions of the gene and their evolution over the time, in response to the new environmental conditions.
On the basis of the given data, it is observed that one exon of a random gene is sequenced in four species. The data of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions and the phylogeny of the species of the Drosophila species are given. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 23 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
- What is the function of including an outgroup in this phylogeny? After all, the point of the phylogeny is to see which Galapagos finch species are most closely related to each other.arrow_forwardwhich statement is false? 1)In the context of the evolution of senescence, the aphorism "live fast and die young" means that organisms with a more risky behavior will have a shorter life span. 2)Allopatric speciation is a type of speciation process that takes place in different geographic locations.arrow_forwardCompare the forms of speciation that are slow to those that occur more rapidly. Make a list of the slow and fast forms. With regard to mechanisms of genetic change, what features do slow and rapid speciation have in common? What features are different?arrow_forward
- Use the data matric provided to draft a phylogenetic tree. Label the outgroup and indicate the origin of each of the Pax genes on the tree. Presence of Pax Genes * Pax1 Pax2 Pax3 Pax4 Pax5 Genes → Species ↓ S. Philomina 1 1 1 1 1 J. Antar 1 1 1 1 0 M. Aflaton 1 1 1 1 0 J. Fangaloza 1 1 0 0 0 A. Harisa 0 0 0 0 0 *1 = present; 0 = absentarrow_forwardMany pairs of sister taxa differ markedly in their numbers of extant species. In this chapter we saw huge disparities—for example, between lepidopterans and their sister group, caddisflies. What factors (both general and specific) might account for differences among taxa in their numbers of extant species? Suggest methods for determining which factor might actually account for an observed difference.arrow_forwardIn the following cladogram species A, B, C, and the root of the tree together represent what sort of group?arrow_forward
- Is the following statements consistent with the provided data? Answer TRUE if the statement is consistent with the data.Answer FALSE if the statement is not consistent with the data. 1. According to the phylogeny toads are monophyletic. 2. According to the phylogeny a group composed of the spring peeper and the chorus frog is monophyletic. 3. If climate change results in less snowpack during the winter months, then wood frog survival will increase.arrow_forwardIN AN ILLUSTRATIVE MANNER, GIVE EXAMPLES OF ORGANISMS OR INSTANCES WHEREIN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS LEAD TO SPECIATION. IDENTIFY AT LEAST TWO (2) SPECIATION. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE EACH MECHANISM OF SPECIATION.arrow_forwardPre-mating barriers to reproduction often evolve relatively late in the process of speciation. Describe why post-mating reproductive barriers typically evolve before pre-mating barriers.arrow_forward
- Please help me to answer this, Is it possible to interbreeding Golden Snails and Black Snails? Thank youarrow_forward72 85 Sardinella tawilis Sardinella lemuru and Sardinella longiceps Escualosa thoracata Engraulis encrasicolus 84 86 100 Figure 1. Maximum Likelihood Tree (branch style: traditional-straight) of Sardinella species inferred from COX1 gene. Question: Based on the phylogenetic tree above, which species is/are the most recent ancestor/s of S. gibbosa? Sardinella fimbriata Sardinella albella Sardinella tawilis Sardinella gibbosa Sardinella lemuru Sardinella longiceps Escualosa thoracata Engraulis encrasicolusarrow_forwardIn Figure 2 a diagram shows how traits are shared (or not shared) in different generations. Based on the diagram: a. A, represents a plesiomorph trait. In how many generations is A shared (symplesiomorph)? b. C represents an apomorphictrait. What generations share C (synapomorphy)? c. E is considered an autapomorphic trait. Why do you think? d. What about B and D? How do we classify them?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education