Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 23.3, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The pattern of the concerted evolution, which is seen in the highly repeated genes. Also, draw a diagram to show the process that leads to concerted evolution.
Introduction:
Concerted evolution is the process that states that genes in one species are more closely related to each other than they are related to members of the same gene family. The
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Describe the molecular basis of changes in the gene pool and the significance of these changes over time, including mutations and natural selection.
Explain the main theme of evolution: “unity in diversity”.
Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Describe the four basic causes of evolution: natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flowarrow_forwardBecause all known living organisms share a common system for storing and utilizing genetic information, it would suggest: that all life forms on Earth share a common ancestor that the study of one organism’s genes may reveal principles that apply to other organisms thatgenesfromoneorganismcouldpossiblyfunctioninanotherorganism that all of the above ideas (1-4) are likelyarrow_forwardDescribe the genetic origins of biological variation.arrow_forward
- Discuss the two principles on which evolution is based.arrow_forwardn your own words, explain the factors that lead to the Phenotypic variation andits importance to evolution. explain thoroughlyarrow_forwardFull or partial limblessness has evolved many times invertebrates (snakes, lizards, manatees, whales). Do youexpect the mutations that occurred in the evolution oflimblessness to be in the coding or noncoding sequencesof toolkit genes? Why?arrow_forward
- Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lin-eages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are sub-ject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucle-otide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure. Can you offer one or more possible explanationsfor the slower rate of evolutionary change in the humanlineage versus the rat lineage?arrow_forwardEarly in the origin of life, as it is presently conceived, there was no distinction between genotype and phenotype. What characterizes thisdistinction, and at what stage of organizationmay it be said to have come into being?arrow_forwardn 12 12 of 25 Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories. Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin. > View Available Hint(s) Reset Help same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants similarities in mammalian forelimbs development of drug resistance in bacteria discovery of transitional forms of horses similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species vestigial pelvis in right whales discovery of shells of extinct species the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia biogeography direct observation of evolutionary change fossil record homology P Pearson 12:06 PM EX home um ik T Y U home enter 4. B shift end alt ctrl 144arrow_forward
- Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…arrow_forwardExplain the role of variation in evolution.arrow_forwardDescribe the mechanisms of genetic variation and the three modes of natural selection.arrow_forward
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