The following bonded atoms and questions: C − H, C=O, O − P, C − C a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds? b. Which of the ends contain δ − in polar molecules? c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature. Given: Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance. Element Number of covalent bonds Hydrogen (H) 1 Oxygen (O) 2 Sulfur (S) 2 Nitrogen (N) 3 Carbon (C) 4 Phosphorus (P) 5 Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements. Element Electronegativity Oxygen (O) 3.5 Chlorine (Cl) 3.1 Nitrogen (N) 3.0 Carbon (C) 2.5 Phosphorus (P) 2.1 Hydrogen (H) 2.1 Sodium (Na) 0.9 Potassium (K) 0.8 Introduction: The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar. The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Discuss whether the following statement is correct: “An ionic bond can, in principle, be thought of as a very polar covalent bond. Polar covalent bonds, then, fall somewhere between ionic bonds at one end of the spectrum and nonpolar covalent bonds at the other end.”

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 6

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 7

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2R

Solution Summary: The author explains that the polarity of a compound depends upon the electronegativities of its atoms that are involved in its formation.

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Element	Number of covalent bonds
Hydrogen (H)	1
Oxygen (O)	2
Sulfur (S)	2
Nitrogen (N)	3
Carbon (C)	4
Phosphorus (P)	5

Element	Electronegativity
Oxygen (O)	3.5
Chlorine (Cl)	3.1
Nitrogen (N)	3.0
Carbon (C)	2.5
Phosphorus (P)	2.1
Hydrogen (H)	2.1
Sodium (Na)	0.9
Potassium (K)	0.8