Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Question
Chapter 18, Problem 35RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The function of bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins in raising cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) levels within the intestinal cells and causing diarrhea.
Introduction:
Enterotoxin refers to the protein exotoxin secreted by the bacterial cells, targeting the intestine. These enterotoxins are either coded in the chromosomes or in the plasmid. These are heat-stable, have low molecular weight and are readily soluble in water. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae release enterotoxins and cause diarrhea.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Explain how Vibrio cholerae causes cholera without apparent damage to the intestinal epithelium.
a.
This microbe attaches to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, producing an endotoxin that causes the epithelium to secrete potassium ions. This induces small amounts of water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness.
b.
This microbe causes destruction of the cellular structures underneath the intestinal epithelium—this is what induces the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. This leaves the overlying intestinal epithelium intact.
c.
This microbe directly invades the intestinal epithelial cells, but does not kill them. Instead, while multiplying inside them, it causes them to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness.
d.
This microbe attaches to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, producing an exotoxin…
Which statements are an example of a virulence factor? Mark those that are example.
for acrolein taint to occur glycerol is metabolized in the presents of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1) catechin 2) epicatechin 3) anthocyanins 4) ferulic acid 5) m caftaric acid by Lactobacillus buchneri.
Chapter 18 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 18 - Prob. 1aCPCh. 18 - Describe the structure and function of the mucosa,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2bCPCh. 18 - Describe the structure and function of the lower...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 4aCPCh. 18 - Explain how peptic ulcers are produced and why...Ch. 18 - Explain how gastrin and vagus nerve stimulation...Ch. 18 - Describe the adaptations of the small intestine...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6CP
Ch. 18 - Prob. 7CPCh. 18 - Prob. 8aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 8bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 9CPCh. 18 - Prob. 10aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 10cCPCh. 18 - Prob. 11aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 11bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 12CPCh. 18 - Prob. 13aCPCh. 18 - Describe the mechanisms involved in the intestinal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 14CPCh. 18 - Prob. 15CPCh. 18 - Prob. 16aCPCh. 18 - List each enzyme involved in protein digestion....Ch. 18 - Describe how bile aids both the digestion and...Ch. 18 - Trace the pathway and fate of a molecule of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 17cCPCh. 18 - Which of these statements about intrinsic factor...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about gastric secretion...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about trypsin is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6RACh. 18 - Prob. 7RACh. 18 - The first organ to receive the blood-borne...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9RACh. 18 - Prob. 10RACh. 18 - Prob. 11RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about vitamin is...Ch. 18 - Which of these statements about starch digestion...Ch. 18 - Prob. 14RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about contraction of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 16RACh. 18 - Prob. 17RACh. 18 - Which of the following statements about the liver...Ch. 18 - Prob. 19RACh. 18 - Prob. 20RACh. 18 - Prob. 21RACh. 18 - Describe the mechanisms that are believed to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 23RACh. 18 - Explain how jaundice is produced when (a) the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 25RACh. 18 - Distinguish between chylomicrons, very-low-density...Ch. 18 - Prob. 27RACh. 18 - Trace the course of blood flow through the liver...Ch. 18 - Prob. 29RACh. 18 - Describe the reflexes controlling the stomach,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 31RACh. 18 - Prob. 32RACh. 18 - Prob. 33RACh. 18 - Prob. 34RACh. 18 - Prob. 35RACh. 18 - Prob. 36RACh. 18 - Prob. 37RACh. 18 - Prob. 38RACh. 18 - Prob. 39RACh. 18 - Prob. 40RACh. 18 - Refer to figure 18. I 4 to answer the following...Ch. 18 - Prob. 42RACh. 18 - Prob. 43RA
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Explain how primary gout can result from the following enzymes in the image below.arrow_forwardHow can we induce gastroesophageal reflux disease in rats?arrow_forwardWhy are Botulism and Tetanus such a severe neurological diseases and who causes them? they produce potent neurotoxins; Species of the genus Clostridium cause Botulism and Tetanus they produce potent neurotoxins; Species of the genus E.coli cause Botulism and Tetanus O they produce potent cytokines; Species of the genus Clostridium cause Botulism and Tetanus O they produce potent cytokines; Species of the genus E.coli cause Botulism and Tetanusarrow_forward
- Imagine that a mutation in the gene encoding the cholera toxin was made. This mutation affects the A-subunit, preventing it from interacting with any host protein. Would the toxin be able to enter into the intestinal epithelial cell? Would the toxin be able to cause diarrhea?arrow_forwardParatuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. This kind of disease can exist undetected in herds for years. In order to detect the paratuberculosis among ruminants, thiol modified oligonucleotide having the sequence of 5’- GAT GAC ATC GCA GTC GAG CTG- 3’ was functionalized in the 15 nm gold nanoparticles. How many bonds (total bonds) will be formed upon hybridization with its complementary sequence? Answer Format: (Number only) *arrow_forwardParatuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. This kind of disease can exist undetected in herds for years. In order to detect the paratuberculosis among ruminants, thiol modified oligonucleotide having the sequence of 5’- GAT GAC ATC GCA GTC GAG CTG- 3’ was functionalized in the 15 nm gold nanoparticles. What is the corresponding tRNA in the thiol modified oligonucleotides in 5’ → 3’? Answer Format: (Letter only, no spaces)arrow_forward
- Antimicrobial therapy can decrease the amount of susceptible bowel flora and allow proliferation of relatively resistant colonic bacteria. Which one of the following species can proliferate and produce a toxin that causes diarrhea?- a.Enterococcus species b.Staphylococcus epidermidisC.Pseudomonas aeruginosad.Clostridium difficilee.Bacteroides fragilisarrow_forwardWhat explains the observation that some forms of porphyria are associated with jaundice while others are not? Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that cause a buildup of bilirubin, which causes jaundice. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that increase urobilin, which is yellow and concentrated in urine. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in ABO blood type enzymes that cause a buildup of bilirubin, which causes jaundice. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that cause a buildup of biliverdin, which is green in color. 271arrow_forwardAll of the following are true about the cytochrome P450 system except: 13 A) This system contains Phase II biotransforming enzymes B) The highest concentration of P450 enzymes is in the liver endoplasmic reticulum All P450 enzymes are heme containing proteins P450 enzymes play a key role in the detoxification of xenobioticsarrow_forward
- Explain why a person with overt symptoms of intestinal Entamoebahistolytica infection is unlikely to transmit infection to others.arrow_forwardOf, Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium kutsceri, which are positive for lipase production?arrow_forwardOf, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus subtilis, which are positive for lipase production?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human digestive system - How it works! (Animation); Author: Thomas Schwenke;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM;License: Standard Youtube License