Which of the following statements about listeriosis is false?(a) The causative agent, Listeria monocytogens, can befound in many types of food .(b) When pregnant women are infected with Listeria mono-cytogens, the bacteria may cause fetal damage or death.(c) Bacteriophages can be used to eliminate Listeria oncontaminated food.(d) Infection with Listeria monocytogens rarely results inmeningitis.(e) Listeria L-forms lack cell walls and are able to persistinside of macrophages after phagocytosis.

Describe the microscopic morphology of a) Clostridium perfringes b) Clostridium tetani C) Clostridium botulinum

2. A 23-year-old Caucasian female presented to the emergency department (ER)with profuse watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters in a restaurant. She described the diarrhea as 'rice water stool'. (a) Which type of specimen should be collected from this patient for diagnosis of disease? (b) Name the most probable bacteria that caused the diarrhea and give the name of the infection. (c) Suggest two treatments and two preventive measures for this infection. (d) Non-toxic strains of bacteria can acquire toxin genes from viral genome. Briefly describe the process during which the toxic genes from virus are incorporated into bacterial chromosome.

Collections of bacteria that adhere to the surface of teeth are 1)Dental caries 2)Dental plaque 3)Halitosis 4)Periodontal disease

What are the different nonpathogenic atrial / intestinal flagellates that can be found in humans? What extraintestinal flagellate is pathogenic to humans? Compare its pathogenicity in males and females?

Explain how the body (including cells, organs, organ systems) is affected by the bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis? Are there any long-term effects caused by the bacterium, even after recovery?