Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Distribution of 14C in the pyruvate should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Glycolysis is also termed as Embden-Meyerhof pathway. It involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. During this reaction, two molecules of ATP are used up in the preparatory phase. Further, in the payoff phase, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are produced.
(b)
Interpretation:
Specific activity of pyruvate formation should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Glycolysis is also termed as Embden-Meyerhof pathway. It involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. During this reaction, two molecules of ATP are used up in the preparatory phase. Further, in the payoff phase, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are produced.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 16 Solutions
Biochemistry
- a- During intense exercise the transformation glucose to lactate causes very less ATP production compared to aerobic glycolysis. Explain, does anaerobic glycolysis lead to waste of energy in muscle? b-Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme catalyzes the removal of glucose from glycogen. Describe, glycogen metabolism regulation through glycogen phosphorylase.arrow_forwardConsider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing behenic acid residues (22:0). II. What is the net ATP yield for the complete oxidation of all the fatty acid residues of the simple TAG? (Note: glycerol backbone is not included)arrow_forwardCalculate the total number of ATP that can be generated from the ß-oxidation of paulinic acid? ОН 1. How many ATP expended for activating fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA? How many rounds of beta oxidation? How many FADH2 per round of beta oxidation? Is there any point in the beta oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid where we skip over FADH, production? How many FADH, total from beta oxidation? How many NADH per round of beta oxidation? How many NADH total from beta oxidation? How many acetyl-CoA are produced through beta oxidation? 6. 2. 3. 4. 5. How many NADH and FADH, are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle? How many NADH total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many FADH, total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many ATP are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle? How many ATP total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many ATP per NADH,? 9. 7. 1. 8. How many ATP per FADH,? 10.…arrow_forward
- What is the catalytic efficiency of Catalase ? Table. The values of KM and kcat for some Enzymes and Substrates Enzyme Carbonic anhydrase Substrate CO2 HCO3 KM (M) 1.2 x 10-2 2.6 x 10-2 Kcat (s-1) 1.0 x 106 4.0 x 105 Catalase H2O2 2.5 x 10-2 1.0 x 107 Urease Urea 2.5 x 10-2 4.0 x 105 O A. 4 x 108 M-s-1 O B. 4 x 108 M-1.s-1 OC25x 10-9 M-s1 D. 2.5 x 102 M-1.s-1 OE 1.0 x 107 s1arrow_forward. Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionarrow_forwardA. Draw the structure of pyruvate at plI 7. B.Explain why pyruvate is considered anα-ketoacid. C.arrow_forward
- Activity (% Max.) Using your knowledge of aspartyl proteases, develop a plausible explanation for why protein activity changes when pH is increased or decreased from pH 4, as shown in the graph. 06 08 09 10+ 4. 9. Hd Which statements are true? The protein is active when one asp residue is protonated and the other is deprotonated. O Both asp residues are protonated at more basic pH values. O Active aspartyl proteases have only one asp residue in the active site. Only one asp side chain is protonated at low pH (below pH 3.5). Both asp side chains are deprotonated at higher pH values.arrow_forward9Calculate the total amount of ATP that is produced by the complete oxidation of a 20 carbon even-chain saturated fatty acid. Include the number of each cycle required, describe each stage involved, and list the number of ATP that correspond with each stage.arrow_forwardBriefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.arrow_forward
- in human 2. Human xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. For the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. several medications are used to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase and reduce the production of uric acid. You are a biochemist and just discovered a chemical that can inhibit the activity of the human xanthine oxidase. When analyzing its mode of inhibition, you found that the enzyme inhibitor complex requires 450 kJ.mol to dissociate and that it displays kinetics somehow similar to noncompetitive inhibition. You sent your inhibitor to the ministry of health for approval as a medication for gout. Based on the data provided, are they going to authorize it as a medication or not? Explain?arrow_forward5. You discover a new cysteine protease similar to papain. Cysteine proteases are proteolytic enzymes that utilize a cysteine residue in the active site for the nucleophilic attack of a peptide bond, while a second residue acts as a base for proton abstraction in the reaction (acid base catalysis). In this novel enzyme the pKa of the cysteine residue is significantly lowered by the active site environment to pKa=4. a. Knowing that the protease shows highest activity between pH 4-6, what could be the identity of the base residue acting as a in the reaction? Explain and write the expected mechanism for the reaction. SH онarrow_forwardConsidering the complete oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid. Give the answer for the following question.a. How many rounds of beta-oxidation is needed?b. How many NADH molecules are produced in beta-oxidation only?c. How many FADH2 molecules are produced in beta-oxidation only?d. How many Acetyl Co-A are produced?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax